1. Chapter 13, Section 1
Mediterranean Europe

2. Vocabulary
City-state
Republic
Crusades
Renaissance
aqueduct

3. Human Perspective “All Roads lead to Rome?”
Rome was one of two great civilizations that existed in this region during ancient times.
All roads did almost lead to Rome.

4. A History of Ancient Glory
Advantages for civilization
Ancient Greece
Democracy
Alexander the Great
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Mild Climates and access to the sea gave these ancient civilizations an advantage to develop.
Greece was a peninsula with many mountainous valley towns; so the government form became the city-state
Athens is given credit for being the first democracy (Pure democracy) (Sparta as the first totalitarian state.), as well as having an influence in the field of science, philosophy, drama, etc.
After internal strife, Greece was conquered by Macedonia (Philip of Macedonia and his son Alexander)
As Greece’s power was waning, another civilization to its west was growing: Rome
In the beginning it was a Republic, but beginning with Caesar, it developed into an Empire
It expanded to include most of the Mediterranean.
Christianity started in one of it’s overseas territories and sprad to Rome, where it became the official religion in the 300s
IN 395, it split into two Empire’s, with the eastern one (The Byzantine Empire lasting until the 1200s. The Western one fell in 476.

5. Moving Toward Modern Times
Three different paths
Italian City-states
Crusades
Renaissance
Black Death
Reconquista
Columbus
After 476, the peninsulas developed three divergent histories. The Greeks stayed part of the Byzantine Empire, Italy gave birth to the Renaissance and Spain went on to Explore the world to the west.
Because the invaders of Rome had no history of central government, the Italian peninsula broke up into many smaller states, city-states. It wasn’t until the 1800s that they reunified into Italy.
During the Crusades, which started in 1096, Italians earned large profits by supplying ships that carried troops to the Middle East. They also invented modern banking and traded extensively.
With the new information coming into Italy from the Crusade, artistic and scientific creativity reborn, inspired by ancient artwork and rediscovered texts.
In 1347, the plague hit, killing millions of Europeans
The Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Muslims from North Africa (Moors), who occupied the peninsula until finally thrust out by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.That same year, they sponsored Columbus’ trip to the west. That spread the language and the religion throughout the world.

6. How did the Crusades contribute to the start of the Renaissance in Italy?
Why is the year 1492 so important in Spanish history?

7. A Rich Cultural Legacy Artistic legacy of the past Language Religion
Architecture
Sculpture
The people of this region take great pride in the artistic legacy of the past.
Portuguese, French, Italian, and Spanish are all languages that evolved from Latin.
Each half developed a different type of Christianity.
Ancient ruins and aqueducts still stand from the ancient era
Ancient sculptures and later paintings witness the era’s rich history

8. Economic Change 20th century changes Generally less industrialized
Manufacturing and services have grown since WWII EU
Challenges
Italy
Energy poor
The sunny climate has always shaped the Mediterranean’s economy, however it has been changing rapidly since World War II.
In general, these countries were less industrialized than Northern and Western Europe.
Agriculture and fishing are strong.
Today manufacturing is stronger, with service industry jobs increasing even stronger.
IN the 1980s, Greece, Portugal and Spain joined the EU, aiding growth by increasing the market size and making aid available.
Some of the challenges:
Italy’s north more developed than the south.
North closer to the developed part of Europe
South has poorer transportation infrastructure
Government made some bad choices, locating business there that did not work out for the people.
Region lacks energy resources, which makes them vulnerable to changes in prices, or cuts in supply due to war or other causes.

9. Modern Mediterranean Life
Fascism to democracy
Internal Conflict
Urbanization
All these countries have had fascist dictatorships, but now have democratically elected and stable governments.
Spain has an internal conflict with the Basques
an ethnicity that is not related to the Spanish
given autonomy, but some want complete independence.
Urbanization has caused some housing shortages, pollution and traffic jams and the people want to solve these problems, but still maintain the splendor of their historic cities.
Athens and Rome have ancient ruins. Florence has magnificent works of Renaissance art. Granada has picturesque churches and mosques that reflect Spain’s unique past.

10. Which of the following is NOT a Romance language?
French
Greek
Spanish
Italian

11. 2. Which group invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the 700s?
a. Huns
b. Visigoths
c. Muslims
d. Romans

12. 3. Which of these Mediterranean countries was an original member of the EU?
a. Spain
b. Greece
c. Portugal
d. Italy