1. 1 Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 9

2. 2 The Structure and Cells of the Nervous System 3. What is the structure of the neuron? 1.What are the primary structures found in each division of the brain? (continued) 2.What is the structure of the spinal cord?

3. 3 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. identify the locations of the primary structures in the divisions of the brain. 2. identify the main functions of the primary structures in the divisions of the brain. 3. distinguish between grey and white matter in the spinal cord. 4. distinguish between dorsal and ventral root nerves. 5. describe the external structural features of the neuron.

4. 4 What are the primary structures found in each division of the brain? (continued) 5. Telencephalon (continued) In addition to the cerebral cortex, the telencephalon contains several subcortical sturctures:

5. 5 The limbic system. A circuit of midline structures around the thalamus. Involved in the regulation of motivated behaviours (e.g., feeding, sexual behaviour), emotion, learning, and memory. Includes the hippocampus, the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the cingulate cortex, the septum, the olfactory bulb, the mammillary bodies, and the fornix.

6. 6 Structures of the Limbic System

7. 7 The basal ganglia. A circuit of structures that play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses. Includes the amygdala, caudate, putamen, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra. A pathway that projects from the midbrain to the caudate and putamen is thought to be associated with Parkinson’s disease.

8. 8 Structures of the Basal Ganglia

9. 9 What is the structure of the spinal cord? A horizontal section of the spinal cord reveals an H- shape of gray matter surrounded by white matter. Gray matter: bodies of nerve cells (i.e., cell bodies) White matter: projections from cell bodies to other neurons (i.e., axons).

10. 10 The Spinal Cord

11. 11 The Spinal Cord

12. 12 All dorsal root nerves are afferent, carrying sensory information about the external environment and internal organs to the spinal cord. All ventral root nerves are efferent, carrying motor signals from the spinal cord to the muscles and internal organs.

13. 13 Dorsal and Ventral Root Nerves

14. 14 The external structure of the neuron is characterized by eight features: What is the structure of the neuron?

15. 15 Dendrite Myelin sheath Axon Terminal button Cell body Nodes of Ranvier Cell membrane Axon hillock External Features of a Typical Neuron

16. 16 The Structure and Cells of the Nervous System 3. What is the structure of the neuron? 1.What are the primary structures found in each division of the brain? (continued) 2.What is the structure of the spinal cord?