1.  Basics of the Neuron/glia  Overview of the NS

2. 1. neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons ◦ Role: - can vary tremendously in size and shape but all have 3 components  cell body or soma  contains genetic material, provides nutrients,

4. 1. neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons can vary tremendously in size and shape but all have 3 components  cell body or soma  contains genetic material, provides nutrients,  Dendrites  Primarily responsible for receiving info from adjacent neurons

5. neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons ◦ cell body or soma  dendrites  axons –  Primarily important for conveying info from one neuron to the next

6. Information flow

8.  motor neurons ◦ efferent – carry info from CNS  sensory neurons ◦ afferent – carry info toward CNS  interneurons ◦ carry info within regions

9.  Glial cells provide imp supportive role: ◦ providing nutrients to neurons  neurotrophic factors ◦ provide support for neurons  myelin sheaths ◦ play a role in response to neuronal injury  astrocytes ◦ play a role in brain development  radial glia

12.  CNS – Central Nervous System ◦ brain, spinal cord  PNS – Peripheral Nervous System

14. PNS - peripheral nervous system 2 components 1. autonomic nervous system -“involuntary” -role in emotion and stress  controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands  two anatomically separate components

15.  “fight or flight” ◦ activated during emergencies, stress and/or arousal  ex.

17.  Maintain homeostasis, energy restoration ◦ physiological changes:

19.  Somatic nervous system ◦ conveys sensory info to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to the muscles  31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS

21. Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon CNSPNS Clusters of cell bodies Nuclei (singular nucleus) Ganglia (singular ganglion) Bundles of axons TractsNerves

22.  voluntary nervous system  31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS ◦ sensory nerves

24.  voluntary nervous system  31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS ◦ sensory nerves  afferent;  dorsal roots  dorsal root ganglion

25. Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves

26. ◦ motor nerves  ventral  cell bodies in ventral horn  efferents

27. Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves

29. Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have

31. Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have dermatome map

32. Cervical – green Thoracic- blue Lumbar- purple Sacral- red

33. Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have A high cervical injury vs a low thoracic injury will result in very different outcome!!!!

34. Christopher Reeve’s damage was between C1 and C2

35. -brought to the attention of many the need for research in spinal cord injury - strong advocates of stem cell research -changed our beliefs about spinal cord injury

42. Cranial nerves primarily serve head and face

43.  Cranial nerves  Differences between cranial nerves and motor/sensory nerves ◦ Cranial go directly into brain (rather than spinal cord) ◦ Cranial can be sensory, motor or both

45. sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia

46. Cranial nerves primarily serve head and face

47.  Touch tongue to your soft palate.tongue ◦ Underside of tongue may be warmer than the top (which probably cooled by the Slurpee you just chugged.  Drink something warm Drink  Make a mask with your hands to cover your mouth and nose. Breathe quickly, raising the temperature inside your mouth.Breathe quickly  Press a warm thumb against your palate.  Wait it out.

48.  Swelling or compression of the 7th cranial nerve ◦ causes: ◦ treatment: ◦ recovery:

49.  How is it protected? ◦ Skull  obvious - advantages of skull  less obvious - disadvantage- closed head injury  coup - site of injury  contre coup

51.  How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid  CSF production

53. How is it protected? –Skull –CSF - cerebrospinal fluid CSF production –role of ventricles ADV: DISADV: »hydrocephaly

57.  How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid ◦ meninges

58. meninges- infections within the meninges – bacteria – bacterial meningitis viral – viral meningitis

60.  How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid ◦ meninges ◦ blood brain barrier

63.  Gray matter- ◦ Butterfly shaped ◦ Contains cell bodies

64. Gray matter

65.  Gray matter-  white matter- axons

66. Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves

67.  Gray matter-  white matter  spinal tracts – bundle of axons inside the CNS

68.  3 main divisions of brain ◦ hindbrain; midbrain; forebrain Metencephalon myelencephalon Mesencephalon Telencephalon diencephalon

69.  medulla

70. medulla pons hindbrain

71.  medulla ◦ basic reflexes  heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, vomiting  many cranial nerves enter through the medulla

72. Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon

73.  medulla  pons

74. medulla pons hindbrain

75.  medulla  pons  cerebellum-

76. medulla pons hindbrain

77.  medulla  pons  cerebellum- ◦ balance and coordination ◦ motor memory

78.  Sensory information  movement ◦ substantia nigra -

82.  Cerebral cortex ◦ role of convolutions

83.  Frontal ◦ Motor function

84. frontal

85.  Frontal ◦ Motor function ◦ Prefrontal – higher “executive function”

86. Prefrontal cortex

87.  Frontal ◦ Motor function  Prefrontal – higher “executive function”  Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function

88. frontal parietal

89.  Frontal ◦ Motor function  Prefrontal – higher “executive function”  Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function  Temporal ◦ Audition ◦ Emotion

90. frontal parietal temporal

91.  Frontal ◦ Motor function  Prefrontal – higher “executive function”  Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function  Temporal ◦ Audition ◦ emotion  Occipital ◦ vision

92. frontal parietal temporal occipital

93.  Different roles for primary and association ◦ Start with primary motor since it is different than the others!

95.  Primary motor ◦ Sends commands to muscles (via motor neurons)

96. primary motor strip

97.  Primary motor ◦ Sends commands to muscles  Association cortex ◦ Sends coordinated commands to primary motor cortex

98. Motor association cortex

100.  Primary sensory cortex – ◦ Receives sensory input from that sensory system  Association cortex- ◦ Interprets the input (info) that comes in from the sensory neurons

101. Association cortex

103. Visual association cortex

104. Auditory association cortex

105.  thalamus – important relay for sensory and motor information  has tremendous projections of neurons across many regions of the cerebral cortex

107. The thalamus communicates with much of the cerebral cortex - serving as a sensory and motor information relay.

109.  hypothalamus ◦ 4 F’s – feeding, fleeing, fighting and copulating ◦ hypothalamus contains many nuclei (collections of cell bodies in CNS)  also…. controls maternal behaviors (at least in rodents)  thirst and drinking

110. Two brothers – same exact age. One with a lesion (damage) to a nucleus in the hypothalamus

111.  limbic system – number of structures important in emotion ◦ limbic system also includes the hippocampus – important for learning and memory!

113.  basal ganglia ◦ important in Parkinsons Disease

115.  corpus callosum – sole purpose of the corpus callosum is to serve as a “bridge” between left and right hemispheres ◦ contains millions and millions of axons ◦ allows left and right side of brain to know what each other is doing!

116. Corpus callosum