1. Do-Now 1/6/16 Get out your Notes and title them “Nature and Structure of Indian Democracy Part 1” Think back to the movie Gandhi – what were some of the issues about Indian democracy that were discussed in the last part of the film?

2. Nature and Structure of Indian Democracy Part 1 Ms. Hays IB HL History

3. India before 1947 Indian Sub-continent - Rich mixture of people, languages and religions Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs 1900-1947, India ruled by a viceroy Indians limited representation in gov’t Nationalist Movement – Beginning of 20 th century Indian National Congress – nationalist organization formed in 1885 First mostly wealthy Hindus Muslim League in 1906 Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress (INC)

4. India Before 1947 Role of Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru – successor to Gandhi Lawyer educated in England Joined INC in 1916 1920s – travelled India  determined to improve position of peasants Traveled to Europe and USSR  believed in a form of socialism for India Also envisioned India as tolerant secular democracy Became the President of INC in 1930 Formed a powerful relationship with Gandhi

5. India before 1947 Constitutional Developments British forced to accept constitutional change & independence inevitable Created divisions and against INC 1935 Government of India Act Provincial Legislatures British governor more powerful Only 10% of the population had right to vote British Viceroy still had ultimate power

6. India before 1947 Concept of Partition The INC = single united nation Muslim League = partitioned India Muslims were a minority w/ fears Wanted separate country Pakistan Mohammed Ali Jinnah INC opposed partition Gandhi = religious tolerance Nehru = a secular state Violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims

8. Independence and Partition in 1947 Feb. 1947 –Louis Mountbatten - last Viceroy of India to facilitate the handover of power by 15 August 1947 Decide whether power would be handed over to one, two or more states, where the borders would be, and what would happen with the “princely states” Plan Balkan – suggested transfer of power to each province separately Violence  INC accepted partition Millions began to flee their homes

9. Sources Bottaro, Jean and Stanley, John. 2011. History for the IB Diploma: Democratic States. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. p. 68-71.

10. Do-Now 1/7/16 Get out your Compare and Contrast paragraph from yesterday Review what you wrote

11. Nature and Structure of Indian Democracy Part 2

12. Independence August 1947 – British leave India 2 Separate States: India and Pakistan East and West Pakistan Gandhi celebrated w/ a 24 hour fast

13. Flight of the Refugees Millions migrating Punjab and Bengal Province problems Mixed populations Divided each province 15 million people abandoned their homes and belongings Punjab Sikhs – no state for them Joined Hindus going East, Muslims move West up to a million people were killed East Punjab 60% Hindu and 35% Sikh, West Punjab almost entirely Muslim  ethnic cleansing

14. Flight of the Refugees Bengal was also partitioned More gradual End of 1947 Order Restored 40 mill. Muslims remained in India several mill. Hindus in Pakistan huge financial burden Other Effects of the Partition

15. Incorporation of the princely states Over 550 ‘princely states’ Pressures to give up their independence Economically tied Sardar Patel, the deputy prime minister Got all but three to incorporate Hyderabad and Junagadh Muslim princes over Hindu populations – annexed State of Kashmir Hindu prince ruling over mostly Muslims  War between India and Pakistan from Dec. 1947 – Jan. 1949 UN arranged a cease fire, split Kashmir between the two Other European Powers withdraw France from Pondicherry in 1954 India took Portuguese Goa by force 1961

16. Changes Under Nehru Nehru Prime Minister from 1947 to 1964 First government - coalition dominated by the Congress Party (INC) Main task – rule India until a new constitution and first elections

17. The Constitution Created by Constituent Assembly 300 members Public invited to make submissions Chief Architect was Patel and the Law Minister, Ambedkar Nehru only took part when controversial matters were involved

18. The Constitution 26 Jan. 1950 Parliamentary form of Government 2 houses of Parliament Lok Sabha (lower house) – over 500 members – elected by constituency Rajya Sabha (Council of States) – smaller upper house – members chosen by state assemblies Elections every 5 years – universal suffrage Constituency system – parliament and state assemblies, first- past-the post Gov’t formed by party that won majority seats in election Leader of party = prime minister Head of state = president elected for five-year term by members of parliament and state assemblies

20. The Constitution Federal structure Strong central gov’t controlled major issues Individual states autonomy (self-control) Met the need for unity while allowing for decentralization State structure Elected assembly Leader of the Party w/ majority = chief minister Supreme Court Judicial Review Bill of fundamental rights – included social and economic rights

21. The Constitution Completely secular Important to Nehru Defended against communalism Problem of Language Constitution Recognized 14 major languages - Hindi and English the official languages International Status Allowed to stay a member of the British Commonwealth Nehru pursued a policy of non-alignment

22. The First Election 1952 – over 170 million voters – 84% were illiterate 489 national parliamentary seats Over 3000 state assembly seats Congress Party 75% of the seats in the Lok Sabha Earned 45% of the vote Communist Party the main opposition Extreme right-wing party, Jan Sang, 3% Victory for secularism, moderation and national unity, and rejection of communalism and regional interests