3.  Newborns = two emotions ◦ Distress & contentment  Happiness = Social smile ◦ Occurs when seeing a face  Anger = frustration  Sadness = withdrawal & stress  Social fear ◦ Stranger wariness ◦ Separation anxiety  These changes gradually develop during the first year.

4.  I am separate from others  Mirror rouge test  Me & mine  Generally develops during the second year

5.  Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops  Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions ◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Amygdala

6.  Temperament = Genetic predispositions ◦ Shyness & aggression ◦ Whether these are expressed is based on experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc. ◦ Harsh parenting combined with a negative temperament can create antisocial, destructive children.  Personality traits = Learned ◦ Honesty and humility  Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.

8.  Freud  Oral stage (1 st. Yr.) ◦ E.g. Breast-feeding ◦ Oral fixation  E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating  Anal (2 nd. Yr.) ◦ Bowels ◦ Self-controlled  Anal personality ◦ Most people disagree with this idea ◦ Toilet training – Later age = less time

9.  Trust vs. mistrust  Autonomy (independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt

10.  Emotions & personality ◦ Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents  Social learning ◦ Albert Bandura ◦ Bobo doll experiment ◦ Children express emotions as they see others do

11.  Working models ◦ A set of assumptions that children use as a frame of reference ◦ People are warm & friendly ◦ People can never be trusted  Interpretation of experiences is most crucial

12.  Culture is most important  Proximal (close) parenting ◦ Much body contact ◦ Children become  More compliant  Less independent  More separation & stranger anxiety  Distal (far) parenting ◦ Less body contact ◦ Children become  Less obedient  More independent  Less separation & stranger anxiety

13.  Attachment ◦ Proximity-seeking  Following caregivers ◦ Contact maintaining  Touching, snuggling, holding  Social referencing ◦ Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation  E.g. eating new foods  Crossing the street