1. Wave Equation Applications 2009 PDCA Professor Pile Institute Patrick Hannigan GRL Engineers, Inc.

2. Analysis Types Bearing Graph - Proportional Resistance (most common) - Constant Shaft (i.e. pile driven to rock) - Constant Toe (i.e. friction pile) Analysis Results: Capacity, stress, stroke (OED) vs. Blow count Analysis Application: Hammer approvals, capacity assessments, hammer sizing.

3. Inspector’s Chart –For a constant capacity (e.g. the required ultimate capacity), plots stroke vs blow count –Variable energy hammers only Single acting diesel (open end) Double acting diesel (closed end) Single and Double Acting Hydraulic hammers –Primarily used for field control For an observed hammer stroke, what is minimum blow count? Analysis Types

4. Driveability User inputs detailed soil profile including expected soil strength losses, splice depths, wait times, etc. GRLWEAP calculates soil resistance and associated numerical results at user specified analysis depths. Analysis Result: blow count, stresses, and transferred energy versus depth Analysis Interpretation: predicted blow counts and stresses allow determination of driveability through problematic dense layers Application: frequently used in the offshore oil industry Analysis Types

5. Summary of Wave Equation Applications Develop Driving Criterion Blow Count for a Required Ultimate Capacity Blow Count for Capacity as a Function of Energy / Stroke Check Driveability Blow Count vs. Penetration Depth Driving Stresses vs Penetration Depth Determine Optimal Driving Equipment Driving Time Refined Matching Analysis Adjust Input Parameters to Fit Dynamic Measurements

6. WHAT INFORMATION DO WE NEED FOR GRLWEAP ANALYSIS ?

7. REQUIRED INFORMATION HammerHammer –Model –Stroke and Stroke Control –Any Modifications Driving SystemDriving System –Helmet Weight (including Striker Plate & Cushions) –Hammer Cushion Material (E, A, t, e r ) –Pile Cushion Material (E, A, t, e r )

8. REQUIRED INFORMATION PilePile –Length, –Cross Sectional Area –Taper or Other Non-uniformities –Specific Weight –Splice Details –Design Load –Ultimate Capacity –Pile Toe Protection

9. REQUIRED INFORMATION SoilSoil –Boring Locations with Elevations –Soil Descriptions –N-values or Other Strength Parameters vs Depth –Elevation of Excavation –Elevation of Pile Cut-off –Elevation of Water Table –Scour Depth or Other Later Excavations

10. Pile Driving and Equipment Data Form RamRam Anvil

11. GRLWEAP Example 1 & 2 Problem Ru = 330 kips

12. 68 blows / 0.25 m 195 MPa 1480 kN 2.6 m GRLWEAP Example 1 Solution - SI

13. GRLWEAP Example 2 Solution - SI

14. GRLWEAP Example 3 Problem

15. Example 3 Solution – Shallow Depth

16. Example 3 Solution – Final Depth

17. GRLWEAP Example 5 Problem

18. Example 5 Solution – First Pile

19. Example 5 Solution – Subsequent Piles

20. Example 5 Solution – H-pile Alternate

21. 0 4 8 12 16 20 Pile: Closed End Pipe Pile Length 20 m (66 ft) Pile Penetration 16 m (52.5 ft) 355 mm (14 inch) x 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) Ultimate Capacity 1800 kN (405 kips) Shaft Resistance, 30% Triangular Distribution 540 kN (121 kips) Toe Resistance, 70% 1260 kN (284 kips) Loose Silty Fine Sand Hammer: ICE 42-S: 56.9 kJ (42 ft-kips) or Vulcan 014: 56.9 kJ (42 ft-kips) Hammer Cushion: Varies Helmet: Varies 0 10 60 50 40 30 20 Depth (m) (ft) Very Dense Silty Fine Sand GRLWEAP Example 6 Problem

22. GRLWEAP Example 6 Solution - SI

23. GRLWEAP Example 8 Problem

24. GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution - SI  6.3 mm  7.1 mm

25. GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution - SI  7.9 mm  9.5 mm

26. GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution  7.9 mm  9.5 mm Summary of Compression Stress and Blow Count Results Wall ThicknessCompressive StressBlow Count MminchMPaksiBlows/0.25 mBlows/ft 6.30.25024435.4160195 7.10.28121330.9130158 7.90.31219728.6115140 9.50.37518326.5100120 Criteria 0.90 F Y = 279 MPa or 40.5 ksi, Blow count of 25 – 98 bl/.25 m or 30 - 120 bl/ft