1. INTRODUCTION Session 1 – 2
Course : S0825/Foundation Engineering
Year : 2009
INTRODUCTION Session 1 – 2

2. GENERAL SCOPE OF THE COURSE
Introduction (Definition, type of foundation, review of Soil Mechanics Principles)
Bearing Capacity of Soil
Shallow foundations (type, design and settlement of foundation)
Sheet Pile Structure (lateral earth pressure, design of sheet pile)
Deep Foundation (Single pile, Group pile, settlement of pile)
Installation of pile and test of pile capacity
Application of shallow, deep foundation and sheet pile structure
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3. GENERAL Grading Policy Home Work ………........................ 20%
Mid Semester Test ………………. 30%
Final Test … %
TOTAL %
Note:
Appropriate changes to this grading policy may be made with student consent.
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4. REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
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5. REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
SUPPORTING TEXTBOOK
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6. COURSE 1 Content: Definition Design Criteria
Soil investigation, laboratory tests and soil properties related to structure designs
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7. What is Foundation Engineering?
DEFINITION
What is Foundation Engineering?
The art of selecting, designing, and constructing structural support systems based on scientific principles of soils and engineering mechanics incorporating accumulated experience with such applications.
A scientifically Acceptable Answer
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8. What is Foundation Engineering?
DEFINITION
What is Foundation Engineering?
Foundation Engineering is the art and science of molding materials we do not fully understand into shapes we can not precisely analyze to resist forces we can not accurately predict, all in such a way that the society at large is given no reason to suspect of our ignorance.
Not so scientifically Acceptable Answer – addopted from Coduto
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9. Retaining Structure
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10. FOUNDATION TYPES Shallow Foundations.
Shallow foundations are usually placed within a depth D beneath the ground surface less than the minimum width B of the foundation. Shallow foundations consist of spread and continuous footings, wall footings and mats.
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11. FOUNDATION TYPES Deep Foundations.
Deep foundations can be as short as 15 to 20 ft or as long as 200 ft or more and may consist of driven piles, drilled shafts or stone columns. A single drilled shaft often has greater load bearing capacity than a single pile. Deep foundations may be designed to carry superstructure loads through poor soil (loose sands, soft clays, and collapsible materials) into competent bearing materials. Even when piles or drilled shafts are carried into competent materials, significant settlement can still occur if compressible soils are located below the tip of these deep foundations.
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12. DESIGN CRITERIA THE DESIGN SHOULD BE: SAFE RELIABLE DURABLE BUILDABLE
ECONOMIC
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13. DESIGN DATA SOIL DATA GROUND WATER DATA GEOMETRY DATA DATA OF LOAD
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14. SOIL DATA DETERMINED FROM: FIELD INVESTIGATION LABORATORY TEST CPT SPT
VANE SHEAR TEST
PRESSUREMETER TEST
LABORATORY TEST
INDEX TEST
TRIAKSIAL
DIRECT SHEAR
UNCONFINED
CONSOLIDATION
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15. STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)
ADVANTAGES
Could be used to identify soil types visually
Could be used to get qualitative soil properties by empirical correlation
LIMITATION
The soil strength profile can not be measured continuously
The high accuracy is needed during investigation in case of weight and fall height of hammer
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16. HAMMER OF SPT
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17. DIMENSION OF SPT TUBE
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18. SPT EXECUTION
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19. SPT PROFILE (EXAMPLE)
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20. CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)
TYPES OF TOOL AND PRINCIPLE OF WORK
Mechanical friction-cone penetrometer
by pushing a cone with projection area 10 cm2 and 60o angle and standard velocity 20 mm per-second.
2 measurement parameters each 20 cm of depth:
Cone Resistance (qc)
Local Friction (fs)
Electric friction-cone penetrometer
measure the cone pressure and continuously friction with better accuracy level
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21. CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)
ADVANTAGES
Continuous Soil strength profile
Give fast description of soil
Simple
LIMITATION
The accuracy is bad for soil with some stones
Mechanical friction-cone penetrometer is less sensitive when applied in very soft clay
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22. CONE DIMENSION (ASTM D3441)
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23. ELECTRIC CONE DIMENSION
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24. CPT RESULT (EXAMPLE)
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25. LABORATORY TESTS Soil Index (, , e, GS dll.)
Measuring of volume and mass of sample
Sieve analysis test
Atterberg Test
Shear Strength of Soil (c, )
Triaksial Test (UU, CU, CD)
Direct Shear
Unconfined Compression Test
Compressibility (Cc, Cv)
Consolidation Test
Permeability (k)
Constant Head
Falling Head
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26. EMPIRICAL CORRELATION
SPT Data
Sandy Soil
Clay or Silt
N-Value
Relative Density
Consistency
0 – 4
Very loose
0 – 2
Very soft
4 – 10
Loose
2 – 4
Soft
10 – 30
Medium
4 – 8
Medium stiff
30 – 50
Dense
8 – 15
Stiff
> 50
Very dense
15 – 30
Very stiff
> 30
Hard
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27. EMPIRICAL CORRELATION
CPT Data
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28. EMPIRICAL CORRELATION
Between Soil Properties
Cc = 0,009 (LL – 10)
Cu = qu/2
Cu = 19 – 23 CBR (C in kN/m2)
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