1. Self, Family, and Community
Chapter 1
Self, Family, and Community
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2. Dimensions of Wellness
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3. Health and Wellness
Health: state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being
Wellness: process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction
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4. The Wellness Continuum
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5. The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness
Addresses interrelationship between individual and environment
Individual has unique set of characteristics, including genetics, age, and knowledge
Environment is your relationships with people, and community affiliations
Many social determinants of health influence the options you have and the choices you make
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6. The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness
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7. DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity
The nucleus of every human cell contains an entire set of genetic instructions stored in our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA has four building blocks that can be arranged to form a distinct message (gene) that acts as the body’s instruction booklet
A person’s genome is his/her complete set of DNA
Within the cell’s nucleus, DNA is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each pair comes from each parent)
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8. DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity
Most cells become specialized, taking on characteristic shapes or functions
Skin, bone, nerve, muscle
Process is called differentiation
Stem cells are unspecialized cells
Stem cells present in an embryo
Adult stem cells retained within tissues
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9. Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
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10. Genetic Inheritance A change in a gene is called a mutation
Alternate forms of the same gene are called alleles
Some mutations are harmful, some mutations can be beneficial, and some have no effect
Mutations allow for human diversity
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11. Genetic Inheritance
The alternate forms of genes called alleles are responsible for traits such as eye color
Alleles can be dominant or recessive
Most characteristics (such as height or skin color) are determined by the interaction of multiple genes at multiple sites on different chromosomes
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12. Dominant and Recessive Alleles
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13. Genetic Inheritance
Conditions caused by interactions among one or more genes and the environment are called multifactorial disorders
Account for the majority of illnesses and death in the developed world
Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial disease
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14. Creating a Family Health Tree
Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree
Visual representation of your family’s genetic history
Illustrates the patterns of health and illness within a family
Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk for you
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15. Contributions of the Environment and Genetics
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16. A Family Health Tree
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17. What Can You Learn From Your Health Tree?
An early onset of disease is more likely to have a genetic component
The appearance of a disease in multiple individuals on the same side of the family is more likely to have a genetic correlation
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18. Health-Related Behavior Choices
Health-related behavior choices are the actions you take and decisions you make that affect your health
Physical choices
Mental choices
Emotional choices
Spiritual choices
Social well-being choices
Psychologists have proposed the “Stages of Change” model for why people don’t make choices that enhance their health
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19. The Health Belief Model
Health behaviors are influenced by:
Perceived susceptibility (risk of a problem)
Perceived seriousness of consequences
Perceived benefits of specific action
Perceived barriers to taking action
All these considerations enter into your decision-making process when making health-related behavior change decisions
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20. The Stages of Change Model
The Stages of Change Model takes into account thinking, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and many other factors
Change is a process that includes:
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
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21. The Stages of Change Model
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22. Creating a Behavior Change Plan
Accept responsibility for your own health and make a commitment to change
To do this:
Set goals
Develop action steps
Identify benefits
Identify positive enablers
Sign a behavior change contract
Create benchmarks
Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary
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23. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information
Developing health literacy
Ability to read, understand, and act on health information
As many as eighty million American adults have limited health literacy skills
Health risk: probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences
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24. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information
Understanding medical research studies
Formal studies include basic medical research, clinical studies, and epidemiological studies
Careful consideration of health recommendations involves asking a series of critical questions
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25. Self and Community
Public health is a discipline that focuses on the health of populations of people, rather than individuals
Health promotion
Disease prevention
Community health aims to improve the health of those people within a defined community
Public health officials need to understand demographics
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26. The Healthy People Initiative
Leading health indicators: priority public health issues to be targeted
Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
Tobacco
Substance Abuse
Reproductive and Sexual Health
Mental Health
Injury and Violence
Environmental Quality
Clinical Preventative Services
Access to Health Care
Oral Health
Social Determinants of Health
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27. Individual Choice Versus Societal Responsibility
When choosing a personal behavior or supporting or opposing a public policy:
What is the risk to the individual and/or the community?
How strong is the opposition to restrictions?
What is the evidence that restriction will impact behavior?
Use these questions to make reasoned, responsible decisions
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28. Culture, Ethnicity, and Race
Three primary dimensions of diversity impact groups of people
Culture: shared pattern of values, beliefs, language, and customs within a group
Ethnicity: sense of identity individuals draw from a common ancestry, national, religious, tribal, language, or cultural origin
Race: describes ethnic groups based on personal characteristics, such as skin color or facial features
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29. Health Inequities
Health inequities: differences in health outcomes from unjust social and economic practices that create barriers to opportunity
Why is this occurring?
Residential segregation
Community poverty
Income disparity
Discrimination
Limited access to health information and resources
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30. Leading Causes of Death
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31. Looking Ahead While reading each chapter of this text:
Reflect on your current level of health in that area
Know your predispositions based upon family history
Assess your readiness to change any harmful behaviors, and develop a behavior change plan
Think about the influences that shape your decisions
Share health information with family members and friends
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