1. The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 22 Part 2
The Industrial Revolution

2. A Growing demand for textiles
Led to the world’s first large factories
The constant shortage of thread caused new inventions of the proto-industrial period
The key event of the industrial revolution was the steam engine’s application to textile production:
Richard Arkwright used the steam engine to power looms and required factory production

3. Metallurgical industries
Boomed as they provided the machinery
By 1790 new machines produced ten times as much cotton yarn as in 1770
By 1800 production of cotton thread was England’s most important industry
By 1850 England produced ½ of the world’s cotton cloth

4. Cotton Goods Became much cheaper and were enjoyed by all classes
Poor people could afford underwear!

5. Steam engines and coal A revolution in energy!
Went from wood-burning (charcoal) to coal-burning
Before 1789 charcoal was the feul mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron

6. Deforestation Occurred in England and parts of Europe
Coal provided steam power used in many industries
By 1850 England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal

7. The Steam Engine
In 1698 Thomas Savory and in 1705 Thomas Newcomen invented the steam pump to pump water out of mines
Both of the above were really inefficient
They had replaced mechanical pumps powered by animals

8. James Watt in 1769 Invented the first efficient steam engine
Was a chemist who was working with a problematic Newcomen steam engine.
He moved the condenser…
Was the most fundamental advance in technology

9. Steam Power
Began to replace water power in cotton-spinning mills in the 1780’s
Other mills as well: flour, malt, flint
Radical changes in manufacturing and transport

10. The Iron Industry Was also radically changed by steam power
Rising supplies of coal gave rise to rising iron production which gave rise to heavy industry (the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production)
Iron production switched rapidly from charcoal to coke in smelting pig iron

11. Henry Cort 1780’s
Developed the Puddling Furnace: allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
By 1850 England produced more than ½ of the world’s iron

12. Transportation Radical changes made possible by steam power
Needed faster ways to distribute finished goods AND to procure raw materials to factories

13. New Canal Systems The Duke of Bridgewater at the forefront
Canals connected waterways AND worked with other industries: RR’s

14. Hard-surfaced Roads Pioneered by John McAdam
Big improvement in over-land travel

15. Steamboats 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont On the Hudson River
Made 2-way river transport possible
Made travel on high seas faster
1838 first steamship crossed the Atlantic

16. Railroads 1803 First steam wagon in London
1825 George Stephenson made the railway locomotive commercially successful
By the locomotive was widely used in England

17. The Rocket 1830 The world’s first important RR Manchester to Liverpool
In the heart of industrial England
16 mph
By 1840’s: many private companies organized to build more

18. Impact of the RR Big reduction in the cost of shipping freight on land
Caused growing regional and national markets
Helped to increase the #s of the urban working class who came from the countryside
Many cottage workers BUILT the RRs then used the RRs to find work

19. England in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal
Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron
GNP between was up by 350%!
Population: 9 million in 1780 to 21 million in 1851

20. Per capita income Increased 100% between 1801-1851
The economy grew faster than population
Caused a great demand for labor

21. The Crystal Palace
Built by the English to celebrate England’s success with the industrial age
All Glass and Iron
1851 international exhibit
Prince Albert supervised the work
Was 1/3 of a mile long
800,000 square feet

22. Crystal Palace in Hyde Park