1. CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS NATIONAL CENTRE FOR CATALYSIS RESEARCH 4 TH SPECIAL COURSE OF THE CENTRE FOR THIS YEAR

2. WHY THIS COURSE AND WHY THIS TIME One need not emphasize the knowledge in energy in today’s context Various options are considered, debated and even scared but clarity among the generations is lacking Even though it is already late it is necessary that we prepare ourselves before the radical change impounds on us This course is concentrated on some specific forms of energy which according to us are the ones which will or may take over and it is stated that other forms also have equal chances of succeeding and hence omission of them in this course does not undermine their importance Why then is this selection – as usual it is the privilege of the person holding the course and his knowledge domain and comfort level to state it mildly

3. Coverage expected for further suggestions Fossil fuels oil, Natural gas, coal Nuclear energy some fundamentals of fusion and fission Electrochemical energy systems – batteries (all class of batteries), Super capacitors, Fuel cells. Hydrogen energy – Production and storage Some aspects of solar energy –Solar cells.

4. KNOWLEDGE DOMAIN Physical and chemical sciences Materials science and technology Some aspects of engineering and design Some awareness of social requirements

5. Why do we need to address this ? 1. The need to restrict increase in energy consumption. 2. the need to evolve alternate energy sources as a substitute to conventional(?) energy sources 3.the evaluation of haw far these new energy sources can serve as replacement for conventional energy sources.

6. Primary energy consumption by Fuel (1973) (in terms of million tonnes of oil equivalent) * former soviet union as a whole worldUSAUKUSSR*JapanChinaIndia Oil29407637584920810448 Natural gas 15564325052036137 Coal23874536737969553108 Hydro52477125619309.6 Nuclear404124124146-0.4

8. World energy consumption YearQuantity (Q/Year) 1Q= 10 18 BTU=2.52x10 17 kcal 19700.24 19851.02 20002.1 20506.0

9. Remaining reserves of fossil fuel (as estimated) FuelProven energy reserves in ZJ (end of 2009) (10 3 ) 7Z Coal19.8 Oil8.1 Gas8.1

11. ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA India ranks fifth in the world in terms of energy consumption Commercial energy consumption in India 3.5% of the world consumption in 2002 Average annual growth rate of energy consumption about 6% during 1981-2002

12. Summary of Reserve Data as 2008 CountryReserves 10 9 bblProduction 10 6 bbl/dReserve life Saudi Arabia267(21.5%) 10.272 Canada179(14.5%) 3.3149 Iran138(11.1) 4.095 Iraq115(9.3%) 2.1150 Kuwait104(8.4%) 2.6110 Venezuela99(8%) 2.788 UAE98(7.9%) 2.993 Russia60 9.917 Libya41 1.766 Nigeria36 2.441 Kazakhstan30 1.459 US21 7.58 China16 3.911 Quatar15 0.946 Algeria12 2.215 Brazil/ Mexico12/12 2.3/3.514/9 Total (top 17)1243 63.554

13. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (* estimated $ projected values) YearAmount (ppm) 1860290* 1970320* 1985345* 1987348* 1988351* 2000400* 2020540 $ 2050700 $

14. Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050 GasRelative contribution (%) Carbon dioxide47 Methane14 Nitrous oxide10 CFC-1110 CFC-1219 Halogenssmall

15. Acid Rain

19. 320 environmental pollutants – among them 60 cause cancer Methylene chloride, benzene, formaldehyde, butadiene and carbon tetrachloride CO can kill some forms of airborne hydrocarbons are carcinogenic react and produce NO and O 2 in presence sunlight produce ozone and smog Ozone in upper atmosphere protects but in lower atmosphere health hazard (1% decrease 2% increase in UV)

20. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (* estimated $ projected values) YearAmount (ppm) 1860290* 1970320* 1985345* 1987348* 1988351* 2000400* 2020540 $ 2050700 $

21. Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050 GasRelative contribution (%) Carbon dioxide47 Methane14 Nitrous oxide10 CFC-1110 CFC-1219 Halogenssmall

26. Alternative Approach Abundant availability Renewable in nature Environmentally clean High energy content Low cost Easily storable Economically transportable Conveniently usable Socially compatible

27. Electrochemical Power Sources Portable power – galvanic cell is the answer Primary and secondary Lead acid batteries for submarines Fuel cells life support systems Dry cell or Leclanche cell for portable lights, transistorized radio etc Silver zinc, reserve Mg for Military applications