2. The French Revolution

3. First Stage: Characteristics and Fall of The Old Regime

4. The Estates General The Political, decision making body of France. Eliminated under Louis XIV, but brought back by Louis XVI Three estates with an unequal balance in population, power, and wealth… Each estate receives one vote (vote as a block)

5. The First Estate: The Church Had a great deal of Influence. A lot of wealth and privilege Owned 10% of the land and paid NO TAXES. Church interference in politics and opposing Enlightenment Ideas angered many.

6. The 2 nd Estate: The Nobility You could only be born into this estate. 1% OF POPULATION: ALL SORT OF PERKS AND PRIVILEGES –CONTROLLED 30% OF LAND –PAYED NO TAXES –COLLECTED 50% OF WHAT PEASANTS PRODUCED –EXTREMELY WEALTHY AS A GENERAL RULE –COULD TRACE NOBLE HERITAGE BACK CENTURIES –HELD HIGHEST OFFICES - RAN GOV'T, MILITARY & COURTS OF LAW –PEASANTS WORKED AS SERFS OR SHARECROPPERS ON THEIR LAND Resented Middle Class for taking their positions and the king for giving them out.

7. The 3 rd Estate: Everyone else The largest estate = 98% of the population Majority were poor; yet this estate/class paid all the taxes Resented the privileges of the 1 st and 2 nd Estates. Bourgeoisie –Doctors, Lawyers, Bankers –WELL-EDUCATED, OFTEN WEALTHY, BUT NO RIGHTS - TREATED LIKE PEASANTS CITY WORKERS –BREWERS, BUTCHERS, WEAVERS –URBAN POOR, STARVING PEASANTS –4/5 OF 3RD ESTATE –1/2 INCOME WENT TO NOBLES, 10% TO CHURCH, TAXES TO KING, WORK ON ROADS FOR NO PAY, OWNED NO LAND

8. The Old Regime Comes to an End

9. Problems in France France is in great debt due to lavish spending of Louis XIV (14 th ) and the wars of Louis XV (15 th ) The poor suffered as the price of flour skyrocketed (compare to gas) and they could not afford bread.

10. Economic Issues UNFAIR TAX STRUCTURE –3RD ESTATE PAYS ALL OF THE TAXES (MOST OF THEIR INCOME) –CLERGY AND NOBILITY PAY NONE FRENCH GOVERNMENT BANKRUPT - DEEPLY IN DEBT –MILITARY CAMPAIGNS, I.E. HELPING COLONIES WIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION –LAVISH LIFESTYLE OF GENERATIONS OF FRENCH MONARCHS, NOBLES & CLERGY –LOUIS XIV - VERSAILLES –LOUIS XV & XVI - DECADENT, EXTRAVAGENT LIFESTYLES –MARIE-ANTOINETTE - CALLED MADAME DEFICIT BECAUSE OF WARDROBE, COUNTRY ESTATE, GAMBLING (HUGE DISPARITY BETWEEN HER LIFE AND THE LIVES OF THE PEASANTS - PEOPLE HATED HER) PEOPLE STARVING –POPULATION INCREASE –BAD HARVESTS –PEOPLE RIOTING IN THE STREETS FOR BREAD

11. Political Issues LOUIS XVI AN ABSOLUTE MONARCH NOT AN ENLIGHTENED MONARCH –ANYONE COULD BE ARRESTED AND CONVICTED WITHOUT A TRIAL –"THE THING IS LEGAL BECAUSE I WISH IT." –ABSOLUTE MONARCHY COULD NOT COEXIST WITH THE ENLIGHTENMENT RENCH WERE INSPIRED BY THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION LOUIS XVI'S PERSONALITY –LOUIS HAD NO INTEREST IN BEING KING - JUST HUNTING –FUNNY LOOKING - CLUMSY, WADDLED, NEAR-SITED, LOOKED CONFUSED - DIDN'T LOOK LIKE A KING –INEPT RULER –LACKED JUDGEMENT –WISHY-WASHY - WAVERED ON DECISIONS

12. Review of the Enlightenment What ideas began to define life in Middle Class Europe? -Truth through Reason. -People have a right to overthrow an unjust system. -Natural Rights/Equality

13. What do you see; what is the message; how is this reflective of what we are learning?

14. Estates General..? 1 st and 2 nd Estate always vote together and out vote 3 rd …There is never any progress 3 rd estate includes the educated middle class who are influenced by Enlightenment Ideas and want progress towards equality Economic problems in France cause France to collapse financially Louis XVI is inept and wife Marie (Antoinette) is out of touch. LOUIS IN FINANCIALCRISIS - HE NEEDED $ –HE COULDN'T TAX PEASANTS ANYMORE –PROPOSED TAXING NOBILITY AND CLERGY - THEY SAID NO WAY PARLIAMENT FORCED HIM TO CALL ESTATES-GENERAL –ESTATES-GENERAL LEGISLATIVE BODY THAT INCLUDED ALL THREE ESTATES, BUT HAD NOT CONVENED IN 174 YEARS (WHEN KINGS HAD LESS POWER) –LOUIS HAD TO BE DRAGGED AND PULLED - BUT ESTATES GENERAL CONVENED SPRING 1789

15. Calling of the Estates General At the Calling of the Estates General -in attempt to deal with the growing problems the majority of France’s population was dealing with-, the Bourgeoisie wants a Constitutional or limited monarchy (what does this mean?) Little is accomplished Eventually, the Third Estate is locked out of the Estates General, so they go to a local tennis court where they vow to change the government… Their group is now called The National Assembly

16. The Tennis Court Oath

17. Louis Reacts Louis, worried about the N.A. gaining the power of the people and forced the other two estates to join it. –The goal of the N.A. was not to get rid of the Monarchy, but to limit it and give each person in the E.G. a vote instead of one vote per group. Hires Jacques Necker; a popular finance minister from the 3 rd Estate, working on tax reforms. He is eventually fired by Louis (pressured by the 1 st and 2 nd estates to do so) The word spreads and the people of Paris go into a frenzy.

19. The Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789, mob stormed the Bastille for weapons because they believed Louis was going to close down the N.A. Mistaken directions caused the soldiers to shoot and people to die. The Great Fear: Mobs begin to roam the countryside looting, killing, and burning tax records, churches, clergy, and nobility. The second phase of the Revolution is about to begin

21. French Revolution: Second Phase

22. Review What has happened up to this point? –Old Regime (characteristics) –How it comes to an end? Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille –The people of France are demanding a Constitutional Monarchy; what is that?

23. Declaration of the Rights of Man July 14, 1789, storming of the Bastille On Aug. 4, 1789 the nobles and clergy gave up their privileges. Results: Feudal system of France was abolished and the old regime no longer existed. Dec.of the Rights of Man= All citizens were guaranteed equal rights, similar to our Bill of Rights.

25. How does Louis react? He was hesitant to accept the reforms of the National Assembly-Afraid to move away from the status quo. Nobles continued to enjoy grand banquets while the majority of French starved. Anger grew and eventually it turned violent. Refuses to accept reforms which causes a mob to go after him at Versailles.

26. March on Versailles A mob of women shouting “Bread” went to the palace to demand to see the king…and Queen He agreed and even met their most important demand-move to Paris (so they could keep an eye on the royal family) He and his family- as a symbol of support to the Revolution- move to Paris and accept reforms…The royal family would live in Paris where over the next 3 years they were prisoners of the Revolution.

28. The Political Spectrum Jacobins Montagnards (“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen (Royalists) 1790s: The Plain (swing votes) TODAY:

29. The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class  Small shopkeepers.  Tradesmen.  Artisans. They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government

30. The Sans-Culottes Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

31. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House  They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.  Started as a debating society.  Membership mostly middle class.  Created a vast network of clubs.

32. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

33. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794)

34. Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793)

35. The “Purifying” Pot of the Jacobin

36. Summer 1791 Louis and his family attempt to flee France Stopped and arrested at Varennes Escorted back to Paris, humiliated Peasants all wear their red caps

37. Arrest at Varennes

38. Varennes, France

39. Louis Escapes Louis and Marie’s failed escape sealed their fate = they were now looked at as traitors to the Revolution.

40. Fall 1791 National Assembly drafts and signs and new constitution Now France a constitutional monarchy Bourgeoisie have taken over Nat’l Assembly (just like nobles) Peasants and city dwellers (sans culottes) still have no vote –Rioted, exiled king to prison outside Paris, boot out bourgeoisie, and take over Nat’l Assembly –Absolute monarchy abolished

41. Results of the National Assembly The Church is placed under State Control. –Civil Constitution of the Clergy = ended the Pope’s authority in France, Bishops and priests were now elected and salaried officials. –This was not supported by the Peasants in the countryside only the city revolutionaries. The Constitution of 1791 establishes a limited monarchy. –Legislature would make laws and collect taxes-NOT the king. This seemingly ended the revolution?

42. The National Convention: September 1792  Peasants and Sans Coullotes form National Convention (2 nd Revolution)--They are now running the show-- Establish a Republic  Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.  The Year I of the French Republic.  The Decree of Fraternity  it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments. When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!

43. The Politics of the National Convention (1792-1795) Jacobins Girondists  Power base in Paris.  Main support from the sans-culottes.  Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals.  Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.  More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.  Power base in the provinces.  Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.  Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics.  Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

44. Two camps at the National Convention Jacobins –Danton –Marat –Robespierre –Kill anyone who opposes revolution –What to do with Louis? Kill him! Girondins Imprison Louis

45. Louis XVI as a Pig c So the question for the people of France is…how do we end the Monarchy? c For the Jacobins, the king was a traitor. c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

46. The King Must Die(t) c The trial of the king was caused by the discovery of documents. c They proved Louis was communicating with foreign nations. c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute Louis for treason.

47. The Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers. So impure blood doesn’t soil our land!

48. The End of the 2 nd Phase The Second phase ended and with its end became a more violent and radical time. No longer was a limited monarchy good enough-The radicals had eliminated the monarchy and create a republic. The question begged: Now that the French people have what they want –complete sovereignty- how will they handle it..?

50. Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of Counter- Revolution Religious divisions Political divisions War Economic Crises The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795

51. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

52. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

53. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

54. Committee for Public Safety  Revolutionary Tribunals.  300,000 arrested.  16,000 – 50,000 executed.

55. Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 1.Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris  try suspected counter-revolutionaries. A. Watch Committees: keep an eye on foreigners & suspects. B. Sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés should they ever return to France.

56. Legislation Passed by the National Convention 1.Law of General Maximum  Prices of grain would be strictly enforced.  Hoarders rooted out and punished.  Food supplies would be secured by the army 2.Law of Suspects eThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest

57. “The Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793

58. The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday, 1793

59. The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday Paul Jacques Aimee Baudry, 19 c [A Romantic View]

60. The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day! c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months. c The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000

61. Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%

62. The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939! The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

63. Religious Terror: De-Christianization (1793- 1794)  The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution.  Religion was associated with the Ancien Régime and superstitious practices.  Very popular among the sans-culottes.  Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic

64. The De-Christianization Program 1.The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: eabolished Sundays & religious holidays. emonths named after seasonal features. e7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. ethe yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church

65. A Republican Calendar

66. The New Republican Calendar Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September New NameMeaningTime Period VendemaireVintageSeptember 22 – October 21 BrumaireFogOctober 22 – November 20 FrimaireFrostNovember 21 – December 20 NivoseSnowDecember 21 – January 19 PluvioseRainJanuary 20 – February 18 VentoseWindFebruary 19 – March 20 GerminalBuddingMarch 21 – April 19 FlorealFlowersApril 20 – May 19 PrairialMeadowMay 20 – June 18 MessidorHarvestJune 19 – July 18 ThermidorHeatJuly 19 – August 17 FructidorFruitAugust 18 – September 21

67. A New Republican Calendar Year Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September I1792 – 1793 II1793 – 1794 III1794 – 1795 IV1795 – 1796 V1796 – 1797 VI1797 – 1798 VII1798 – 1799 VIII1799 – 1800 IX1800 – 1801 X1801 – 1802 XI1802 – 1803 XII1803 – 1804 XIII1804 – 1805 XIV1805 The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

68. The De-Christianization Program 2.The public exercise of religion was banned. 3.The Paris Commune supported the: edestruction of religious & royal statues. eban on clerical dress. eencouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4.The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” 5.The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

69. The “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

70. The Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday

71. Backlash to the De-Christianization Program  It alienated most of the population (especially in the rural areas).  Robespierre never supported it.  he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious toleration.  Decree on the “Liberty of Cults” was passed  December 6, 1793.  BUT, it had little practical effect

72. The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

73. The Terror Intensified: March to July, 1794 ÔJune 10, 1794.  Trials were now limited to deciding only on liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.  Were you an “enemy of the people?” (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition) Ô1,500 executed between June & July. Danton & the “Indulgents” Jacques Hébert & the Hérbetists Executed in April, 1794 Executed in March, 1794

74. Danton Awaits Execution, 1794

75. The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794 PJuly 26  Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies.  this alienated members of the CPS & CGS; many felt threatened by his implications—anyone could be on the list. PJuly 27  the Convention arrests Robespierre. PJuly 28  Robespierre is tried & guillotined

76. The Arrest of Robespierre

77. The Terror Consumes Its Own Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

78. The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by the Convention  It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.  The metric system of weights and measures  Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.  It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.  The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794.  The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.

79. ?s posed by the French Revolution Enlightenment Philosophy in action..? –Do the people have the right to overthrow an un- just system? –Should (or better CAN) the people have the power; Can the “subjects” – once thought to be lower-class or inferior citizens-- write the laws and be trusted to rule themselves? –What is the nature of humanity… How much violence can there be and how much blood can be spilled to achieve a better society? To be discussed: What is Napoleon’s legacy in regards to the Revolution?

81. Europe in 1800

82. Rise to Power Directory the first post-revolutionary government –Directory asked him to head the military –Directory weak - he decided it was time for him to seize power –1799 he took over in a “coup d’etat” (stroke of state) –He pretended at first to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic –Citizens -so desperate for strong leadership- overwhelmingly vote him in

83. Napoleon as “First Consul”  Constitution gave all power to Napoleon as 1st Consul (sound familiar??)  Saw that he could take all the power he wanted  Citizens voted him Consul for life in 1802: 3 1/2 million- yes 8,000 – no  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”  Constitution gave all power to Napoleon as 1st Consul (sound familiar??)  Saw that he could take all the power he wanted  Citizens voted him Consul for life in 1802: 3 1/2 million- yes 8,000 – no  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”

84. Napoleon Established the Bank of France, 1800 To stop inflation, collect taxes, and to use them for the purpose of improving France.

85. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

86. Concordat of 1801  Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.  Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.  Granted Religious freedom to all citizens of France  Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen.  Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution.  Bishops obeyed Napoleon.  Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.  Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.  Granted Religious freedom to all citizens of France  Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen.  Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution.  Bishops obeyed Napoleon.

87. Lycee System of Education  Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.  Lyces initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student].  Lyces trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.  Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.  Lyces initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student].  Lyces trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

88. Code Napoleon, 1804  Written by four advisors (approved by Napoleon)  Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.  Create one law code for France.  Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.  Create one law code for France.

89. The Civil Code Laws written in general principles; Judges take very active role in cases and apply the written law to different situations A compromise between ways of old and ideals of the Revolution, but ultimately a product of The Enlightenment Pros: Abolished 3 Estates; Equal rights among all classes; France unified under one rule of law Cons: Limited liberties; Fewer rights for women (no property); Heightened censorship; Slavery in Caribbean restored; Napoleon above the law Impact: Many Western nations today still use the Napoleonic Code as the basis for their law; others use English Common Law as their basis

90. The Influence of the Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

92. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804

93. The Empress Josephine Nice Couch Josephine’s Bedroom

94. The Emperor’s Life Napoleon’s ThrownNapoleon’s Bed Chamber

95. The Imperial Image

96. Marie Louise (of Austria) married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna

97. Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811- 1832) Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811- 1832)

98. The Empire (1805-1810) In true Emperor style, Napoleon extended France’s power Greatest Empire since Rome 1805-07 Acquired Austria, Russia, Sweden, Prussia Unstable Empire - at its largest, only held together for 5 years

99. Peninsular Campaign: 1807- 1810  Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.  France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.  Spain, also outraged that Napoleon had tried to insert his brother (Joseph) as King, refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well  Spain Portugal France  1806: Continental System

100. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

101. The Continental System GOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe.

102. British Cartoon

103. The “Big Blunder” -- Russia  In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia -- The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. (Slash & Burn)  In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia -- The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. (Slash & Burn)

104. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow  September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned.  The Russians had set fire to the city.  September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned.  The Russians had set fire to the city.

105. Moscow On Fire

106. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive

107. The 6 th Coalition  Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1813-1814: Napoleon’s Defeat

108. Napoleon Abdicates  Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.  Napoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.  Napoleon abdicated again on April 11.  Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.  Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.  Napoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.  Napoleon abdicated again on April 11.  Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.

109. Napoleon in Exile on Elba

111. “The War of the 7 th Coalition”  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days”  Napoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.

112. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prussian General Blücher

113. Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

114. Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

115. Napoleon’s Tomb

116. What is Napoleon’s Legacy?