1. Carbon is unique because:
1. It has four valence electrons in its outer orbital.
2. It can bond with other carbon atoms to form chains of great length.

3. CARBON Can have single, double, or triple bonds. Can make rings.
Can make millions of different large structures.

6. Carbon Compounds
Cells are made of large biomolecules which are built from smaller, simpler, repeating units.

7. Macromolecules:
Very big molecules made of thousands of smaller molecules.
Formed by polymerization.
Each small molecule is a monomer.
Monomers join to form polymer.

8. Four types of macromolecules in living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

9. Carbohydrates
polysaccharide made of sugar monomers - monosaccharides. Contains C,H,O
Ex: glucose
Function:
Energy supply
Structure support
Cell recognition

10. Monomer of starch

12. Plants store excess sugar as starch and cellulose.

13. Lipids Macromolecules (polymer) made mostly from C,H chains
Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids
Monomer = glycerol, fatty acids
Function:
store energy
waterproof coverings, cell membrane
Ex: cell membrane, earwax.

14. glycerol (polar) bonds with fatty acid tails (nonpolar).

15. At least one C=C bond, fatty acid is unsaturated.
More than one C=C, polyunsaturated.
Ex: oils
No C=C bonds, saturated.
Ex: animal fats, butter

16. Cooking oils are polyunsaturated, broken down more easily.
Solid fats like butter, animal fat are saturated, harder to break down.

17. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides.
3 parts of nucleotide: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Ex: ATP
C,H,O,N,P
Function:
store and transmit genetic information
Energy carriers (ATP)

18. Each nucleotide has 3 parts: nitrogen base, phosphate group, sugar

19. Here are 3 nucleotides joined together to make a polymer: DNA

21. Two types of nucleic acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
Contains sugar called deoxyribose
Ribonucleic acid - RNA
Contains sugar called ribose

22. Proteins Polymer made of chains of amino acids = monomers
Ex: muscle, enzymes
Amino acid (monomer) ex: tryptophan
Composition: C,H,O,N
Function:
Structure, support, and transport (muscles, bone)
Communication (cell membrane)
Catalyst for chemical reactions (enzymes)

23. Amino Acid:
Each amino acid has 3 groups: amino, carboxyl, R

25. Four levels of organization
1st: sequence of amino acids
2nd: chain is twisted or folded.
3rd: chain itself is folded.
4th: several chains in one protein can be intertwined and held by H-bonds and Van der Waals forces.

28. Macromolecules
Type
Polymer
Monomer
Elements
Function
carbohydrate

29. Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction = the process that changes one set of chemicals into another.
Chemical rxn always involves:
breaking of bonds in reactants
making of new bonds in products.

30. CO2 + H2O ----------> H2CO3
Which side of the arrow are the reactants located? Which side are products located?

31. Energy in Reactions
Energy is stored in the bonds that hold a compound together.
Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds break or form.

32. 2H2 + O2 ---------> 2H2O + ENERGY!!!
Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen and released lots of energy!
But Energy + 2H2O > 2H2 + O2
requires lots of energy to happen

35. All living things need energy input to make chemical reactions in their bodies happen.
Where does this energy come from?
Food!
The bonds that hold molecules together in food.

36. Activation Energy the energy needed to get a rxn (reaction) started.
Even rxns that release energy often require energy to start them.
Ex: dynamite.

39. Energy Releasing Reaction

41. Energy Absorbing Reaction

43. Enzymes
A Catalyst is something that speeds up the rate of a chemical rxn.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells.

44. Enzymes provide a site for rxn to happen called active site.
Reactants are called substrates.
Lock and key design. Enzymes are specific to particular substrates.

46. Enzyme is the “matchmaker” for rxns.
Enzymes are affected by temperature, pH.
Enzymes regulate chemical pathways that make materials, release energy, and transfer information in cells.

47. Enzyme Animation http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/anim_2.htm
Youtube Enzyme Basics, Enzymedica

48. Catalase Floating Disk Assay
Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living cells. It breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2