1. Where does my electricity come from? Creating generation mixes

2. What information do I need? 1. Type of nearby generators (Power plants, dams, windmills, solar arrays) 2. Proportion – amount of total generation made up by each type (40% type A, 30% type B, 30% type C) Generally state lines used as borders

3. Guesses for Pennsylvania?

4. Solar Intensity

5. Wind Intensity

6. Precipitation

7. Coal Deposits

8. US Generation Mix Other: Solar, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, etc

9. Guesses for Pennsylvania?

10. Pennsylvania Generation Mix

11. Is that the whole story? What if power plants near me don’t generate enough electricity to meet my needs? Pennsylvania does, but what about California and New York?

12. Include Interstate Trading Lots of electricity transfer in the United States, especially following deregulation in 1996 Currently, interstate electricity transfer ignored, but it’s a big part of the market  25% of California power is imported  West Virginia exports 70% of theirs These numbers have a significant impact, so new generation mixes, which include trading, are created for each state

13. Where Does the Electricity Come From? -69.1 -11.9 -3.3 -3.1 1.1 4.8 10.2 11.8 12.3 20.1 29.1 2000 Net Imports (TWh) Source: EPA eGrid

14. 0 595 246 802 718 246 486 875 805 447 719 1229 1160 1133 1161 1258 1252 California Distances

15. Import-Export Model: Linear Optimization Classic transportation/distribution problem Using two matrices of data (27 x 27) 1. Distances from exporters to importers 2. Shipments of power from exporters to importers Minimize the sum-product of these matrices The “cost” of moving electricity from exporters to importers Subject to the following constraint All electricity in system needs to be “used” – each row/column in shipments matrix must sum to net surplus/deficit calculated from EPA data By changing the amounts in the shipments matrix

16. Completed Optimization Showing Electricity Transactions (Shipments) in TWh

17. California Transfers 4.8 10.2 9.2 20.1 24.8 2.1

18. The California Consumption Mix NOTE: Exporting states retain their original generation mixes