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3. 3 Energy and its Sources: Energy is the Ability To Do Work Energy is the Ability To Do Work It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. sources of Energy: sources of Energy: Renewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time) Renewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time)enewable Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat. Wind, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and hydropower and ocean energy from water are also renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat. Wind, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and hydropower and ocean energy from water are also renewable energy sources.solarWindgeothermal biomasshydropowerocean energysolarWindgeothermal biomasshydropowerocean energy Non renewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil, Coal an Natural gas Non renewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil, Coal an Natural gason renewableon renewable

4. 4 Renewable Form of Energy Solar Solar There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity. There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity. Use of solar cells and Use of solar cells and Solar thermal technology. Solar thermal technology. Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy authorities. They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy authorities. Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-powered vehicles. Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-powered vehicles. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity. Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.

5. 5 Solar farm = big solar plants

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8. 8 At focal point = heat liquid – steam to turn turbine

9. 9 Energy efficient house; wind power on roof. Solar panels for heat and electricity.

10. 10 Solar electricity generation

11. 11 Solar water heating solar air heating

12. 12 Solar house economics Add $16,000 to price of house Add $16,000 to price of house Pay back - $1500 per year in energy costs Pay back - $1500 per year in energy costs 15 years to break even 15 years to break even

13. 13 Geothermal Heat near surface of the earth = geysers, volcanoes, hot springs

14. 14 Use heat to make steam to turn turbine for electrical generation Note: deep hot waters are corrosive to best to inject clean water in a closed system and bring it back to the surface as steam.

15. 15 Although hot areas near surface are limited, the earth is hot everywhere if you go down far enough.

16. 16 Tidal Power 1.In areas of large tides 2.Anywhere – build offshore dam

17. 17 Highest tides in the world = Bay of Fundy 16 meters = 48+ feet!

18. 18 Tidal power anywhere 1.No dam – but a turbine. Problems: 1.Corrosion 2.Navigation 3.Appearance 4.Amount of energy available is low 5.Best tides are near poles – away from people.

19. 19 Biomass All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy: All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy: Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and heating. Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and heating. Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel. Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel. Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane gas) from sewage and manure. Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane gas) from sewage and manure.

20. 20 Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of the water spins turbines which generate electricity. Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of the water spins turbines which generate electricity. Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys. Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys. Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land. Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land. Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine. Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine.

21. 21 Hydropower Not much used in world, why??

22. 22 Norway, Zambia, Ghana big users

23. 23 Problems with hydroelectric Location = unused rivers are in extreme north or low population areas Location = unused rivers are in extreme north or low population areas Competition with recreational uses and environmental concerns. Competition with recreational uses and environmental concerns. Hard to build dams in populated river valleys Hard to build dams in populated river valleys Siltation of dams – limited life. Siltation of dams – limited life. Geo-Political issues. Geo-Political issues. High capital cost. High capital cost.

24. 24 Wind Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated 1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into wind energy. Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated 1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into wind energy. Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere. Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere. The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving wings that exert torque on a rotor. The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving wings that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed), the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly). The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed), the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).

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26. 26 Wind energy problems Location – near population center Location – near population center Bird migration – Bird migration – Visual Visual Must be coupled with other sources of electricity. (intermittent supply) Must be coupled with other sources of electricity. (intermittent supply)

27. 27 Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on Environment: Coal Coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decomposing plants. Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decomposing plants. Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity and as a source of heat for industry. Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity and as a source of heat for industry. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from burning coal. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from burning coal. When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's atmosphere). When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's atmosphere).

28. 28 Petroleum Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between layers of rocks. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between layers of rocks. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and bitumen. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and bitumen. These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in factories as a source of heat energy. These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in factories as a source of heat energy. They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for transport. They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for transport. However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the environment and people's health. Another common use for petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics. It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the environment and people's health. Another common use for petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics.

29. 29 Gas Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped between layers of rock. Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped between layers of rock. Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be used in stoves and hot water systems. Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be used in stoves and hot water systems. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning appliances. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning appliances. LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent. LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent.

30. 30 Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split or joined together. Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split or joined together. A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine. A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine. At each stage of the process various types of radioactive waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can cause harm to people and the environment coming into contact with it. At each stage of the process various types of radioactive waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can cause harm to people and the environment coming into contact with it.

31. 31 Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy: Green House Effect: Green House Effect: Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables and flowers to grow Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables and flowers to grow Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect. Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect. Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the atmosphere. Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the atmosphere. All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect. All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect. These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans to live on earth. These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans to live on earth.

32. 32 GLOBAL WARMING Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increase may have been caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. This increase may have been caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into the air. Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into the air. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and particulates. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and particulates. However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being disturbed by global warming because: However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being disturbed by global warming because: It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas.

33. 33 Climate Change: Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming include: Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming include: Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting in greater flooding. Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting in greater flooding. Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in drought. Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in drought. Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world, with changing habitats. Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world, with changing habitats. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. More severe storms. More severe storms. More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures. More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans. This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans. This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.

34. 34 Wise energy uses. We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections in nature. We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections in nature. We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users. We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users. We need to take the long-term view and think about the consequences of what we do. We need to take the long-term view and think about the consequences of what we do. We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainable ways. We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainable ways. We must not forget the connections between the environmental, social and economic factors involved in development. We must not forget the connections between the environmental, social and economic factors involved in development. Making a difference through... Making a difference through... Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Using more energy-efficient appliances Using more energy-efficient appliances Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy

35. 35 Energy Conservation in buildings Energy Conservation Energy Conservation After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy input during its operation. After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy input during its operation. The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or harvesting energy sources and generating power. The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or harvesting energy sources and generating power. The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered. The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered. The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on the type of energy delivered. The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on the type of energy delivered.

36. 36 Energy Conservation in built Environment Energy-Conscious Urban Planning Energy-Conscious Urban Planning Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious are not planned around the automobile, but around public transportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities have zoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments, allowing people to live near their workplaces. Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious are not planned around the automobile, but around public transportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities have zoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments, allowing people to live near their workplaces. Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings. Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings. Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering. Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering. For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely spaced structures to For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely spaced structures to

37. 37 Passive Heating and Cooling Passive Heating and Cooling Insulation Insulation Alternate Sources of Energy Alternate Sources of Energy Day lighting Day lighting Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy