1. Basic Elements of Life Remember: CHNOPS C = Carbon H = Hydrogen
N = Nitrogen
O = Oxygen
P = Phosphorus
S = Sulfur

4. Four Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates

5. Four Macromolecules: 2. Lipids

6. Four Macromolecules: 3. Proteins

7. Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit
Example: Beads making up a necklace

8. Monomer Single molecule One subunit
Example: Single bead for a necklace

9. Sugars and starches Elements present:
Carbohydrate
Also known as:
Sugars and starches Elements present:
How many of each element are present?
C, H, O
C=6, H=12, O=6
Ratio – 1:2:1

10. Monomer of a Carbohydrate
Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

11. Type of Carb: Monosaccharide
Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar
Example: Glucose or Fructose

12. Carbohydrate Functions #1
Immediate energy source
Burn quickly

13. Example of a Polysaccharide
Starch: Stored Energy in plants

14. Lipids Function #1
Long term energy storage

15. Positive Test: Grease Spot

17. Protein C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Elements present:
C, H, O, N, and
sometimes S
R is the point of attachment for structures that make each amino acid unique

18. Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds
Protein Polymer
Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

19. Protein Monomers
Amino Acid

20. Protein Structure

21. Proteins fold and fold and fold….

22. Proteins Function #1
Make up the structure and function of muscles

23. Proteins Function #2
Provides structure in hair, nails, and skin

24. Proteins Function #2-cont.
Provides structure feathers and hooves

26. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose. A single unit of sugar, monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrates.Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar (hexose) is the sugar in our blood. Fructose, the sugar that sweetens fruit, and galactose, the sugar found in milk, have the same chemical formula as glucose and are therefore isomers of glucose. Isomers have the same composition but a different arrangement of their atoms and have different properties.

27. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose
Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Two monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis to form a disaccharide molecule.
Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + galactose = lactose + water
Maltose (malt sugar)
Glucose + glucose = maltose + water

28. Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. These long, chain-like polymers make ideal storage products due to their insolubility. Starch is the storage molecule synthesized from glucose by plants. Cellulose, which is also synthesized by plants for cell wall construction, is indigestible because we lack enzymes for it. Cellulose provides fiber to promote peristalsis. Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage molecule found in muscle and liver cells. When blood sugar levels drop, liver cells hydrolyze glycogen and release glucose to the blood.

29. What is homeostasis?
The process of keeping the internal environment of the body stable while the outside world changes

30. Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

31. Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms
Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

32. One way an organism maintains homeostasis is by responding to its environment.
How do worms respond to their environment?

33. Transpiration
The upward movement of water from the roots to the leaves.
As water is lost form the outer leaf tissues, water then moves in the water deficient cells from adjacent cells. This osmotic ripple effect occurs backwards from the leaves to the roots.
Water is lost through the stomata, when they are open.

34. More than ninety percent of the water entering a plant evaporates into the atmosphere. A mature corn plant will transpire about fifteen liters of water per week

35. What factors affect transpiration?
Light has a major effect on plants. During photosynthesis, the stomata must be open to allow CO2 to enter the leaf. Open stomata also allow a higher rate of transpiration.
Turgor is a measure of water pressure in the plant
Plants begin to wilt during times of water stress. During water stress, low turgor pressure leads to closing of the stomata. Closing of the stomata will end photosynthesis due to a lack of carbon dioxide entering the plant. This slows the plant’s metabolism.

36. Plant Responses: Phototropism*
Plants response to light.
Leaves will bend toward the light to maximum photosynthesis.

38. Auxins are a family of hormones found in plants
Auxins are a family of hormones found in plants. Auxins are mostly made in the tips of the shoots and roots, and can diffuse to other parts of the shoots or roots. They change the rate of elongation in plant cells, controlling how long they become.

39. Gravitropism Positive Gravitropism: Roots grow down
Negative Gravitropism: Stems grow against gravity
Settling of dense particles (organelles called amyloplasts) in specialized cells causes Auxins to change the way that side of plant grows

40. Thigmotropism Plants response to touch
In some plants, massive amounts of plant hormones (auxins) are generated when the plant comes in contact with something solid. These auxins can cause the plant to coil, to grow new tendrils, suckers, or even trigger movement.

41. What is homeostasis?
The process of keeping the internal environment of the body stable while the outside world changes

42. Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

43. Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms
Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

44. Homeostasis:
Maintaining blood sugar
Negative Feedback Loop
When blood sugar is too high, liver converts glucose to glycogen (for storage)
When sugar is low, liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

45. Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms
Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

46. When a change needs to happen - Positive Feedback For each change, a response occurs that increases the change
A ripening banana releases a plant hormone ethylene
Ethylene accelerates the ripening of unripe fruit in its vicinity, so nearby fruit also ripens, releasing more ethylene.
All the fruit quickly becomes ripe together.