1. Chapter 4- Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

2. Three Theoretical School of Learning
Behaviorism
Developmental Psychology
Phenomenology and Humanistic Psychology

3. Behaviorism Thorndike Pavlov Skinner Gagne
Behaviorists emphasized conditioning behavior and altering the environment to elicit selected responses from the learner
Thorndike’s Laws: Readiness, Exercise, Effect
Classical Conditioning: learning consists of eliciting a response by means of previously neutral or inadequate stimuli
Operant Conditioning:no observable or measurable stimuli explain the appearance of the response
Gagne’s Hierarchy: Signal learning, Stimulus-Response, Motor Chains, Verbal Association, Multiple Discriminations, Concepts, Rules, Problem Solving
Gagne’s Five Learning Outcomes: Intellectual Skills, Information, Cognitive Strategies, Motor Skills, Attitudes
Curriculum should be organized so that students experience success in mastering the subject matter
The Behaviorists are highly prescriptive and diagnostic in their approach and they rely on step by step, structured methods for learning.

4. Behaviorist Instructional Approaches
Direct Instruction- Rosenshine
Mastery learning- Block and Anderson
Guided Instruction- Hunter
Systematic Instruction- Good and Brophy
See chart on Page 108

5. Developmental Piaget Guilford Dewey Kohlberg Ennis; Lipman; Sternberg
Bruner; Phenix
Growth and development occur in progressive stages
Piaget: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations
Guilford: Structure of the Intellect
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
Dewey: Learning Principles
Kohlberg: Moral Development
Ennis, et al: Critical Thinking
Brunner: Spiral Curriculum
Learning Styles
Emotional Intelligence
Constructivism

6. Thinking and Learning Structure of Intellect Multiple Intelligences
Learning Styles
Emotional Intelligence
Constructivism
Focus on the process of thinking, what is going on inside a person’s head.
Structure of Intellect: Guilford
Multiple Intelligences: Gardner six(eight) types of intelligences
Learning Styles: people have preferences for ways of thinking and approaches to learning: Felder and Silverman
Emotional Intelligence: Goleman and Salovey
Constructivism: the individual is active in the process: individuals participate in the creation of their meaning; the task for the learner is to engage themselves in internalizing and reshaping of transforming information via active consideration

7. Problem Solving and Creative Thinking
Reflective Thinking
Critical Thinking
Intuitive Thinking
Discovery Learning
Dewey’s concept of problem solving (see page 117)
Critical Thinking: Ennis’ (13 attributes of critical thinkers), Lipman(ordinary thinking and critical thinking), Sternberg(mental processes that enhance critical thinking)
Creative Thinking: The essence of creativity is novelty (Rogers)
Intuitive Thinking: Bruner- engaging in hunches, playing with ideas, and understanding discoveries to add to the storehouse of new knowledge.
Discovery Learning: Phenix, Taba- the formation of coding systems whereby students discover the relationships that exist among the data presented.
The cognitive approach constitutes a logical method for organizing and interpreting learning; the approach is rooted in the tradition of subject matter; educators have been trained in cognitive approaches and better understand them.

8. Humanistic Maslow Rogers Raths
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Survival, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Knowing and Understanding, Self-Actualization
Maslow defined humanistic psychology: centering attention on the experiencing person, thus focusing on the experience as the primary phenomenon in learning; emphasizing human qualities rather than mechanistic or behavioristic terms; showing ultimate concern for the dignity and worth of people.
Rogers: counseling procedures and methods for facilitating learning; reality is based on what the individual learner perceives; curriculum is concerned with process, psychological meaning, and changing environmental situations.
Rath:Value Clarification-learners explore their own preferences and make their own choices