2.  We talked about 4 microbes:  Viruses  Bacteria  Protists  Fungi

3.  If you don’t have these in your notes write them down!  There are 5 requirements for something to be considered a living organism:  All living things are made of cells  All living things perform chemical processes (digestion for example)  All living things reproduce  All living things need nutrients  All living things respond to stimuli

4.  Viruses have either DNA or RNA  Lack every characteristic of a living organism except reproduction  Cause disease by damaging or killing cells

5.  3 shapes:  Coccus (cocci plural): round or spherical  Bacillus (bacilli plural): rod shaped  Spirillium (spirilla): spiral  Bacteria have a cell wall.  Bacteria exists everywhere on Earth.

6.  Are eukaryotes  Some fungi are decomposers

7.  A disease is any change that disrupts the normal function of one or more body systems.  Noninfectious diseases are not spread from one organism to another  Pathogen: any microbe that causes disease  Infectious diseases that can be spread are contagions.

8.  Influenza  Small pox  Polio  Measles  AIDS (HIV)

9.  Cholera  Diptheria  Gonorrhea  Syphillis  Many diseases caused by bacteria have been brought under control with antibiotics

10.  African sleeping sickness  Malaria  Dysentery  The protists that cause these diseases are parasites. Parasites take nourishment from the tissues of others  Typically they don’t kill the host.

11.  Is it an epidemic or a pandemic?  1. an event in which a disease spreads to many regions of the world  2. The Spanish flu, in Spain killed 8 million people  3. The Spanish flu traveled to the U.S. and infected more people.  4. A town has an outbreak of salmonella.

12.  A vector is an organism that helps a disease spread  A carrier is an organism that is infected with and can transmit a disease causing microbe

13.  A vector is an organism that helps a disease spread. For example: small crustaceans (like lobsters) called copepods are vectors for the bacteria that cause cholera. When people drink water that contains these copepods, they receive a much larger dose of cholera bacteria than they normally would receive.

14.  Insects serve as vectors for many diseases.  Fleas transmit bubonic plague.  Female mosquitoes transmit malaria, West Nile virus (causes diarrhea, vomiting, fever), and encephalitis (swelling of the brain).  In some cases, humans and other living things can serve as carriers of disease. A carrier is an organism that is infected with and can transmit a disease- causing microbe to another living thing, even if they show no signs or symptoms.

15.  Active immunity: gain this by exposure to a pathogen or by getting a vaccine (weakened or dead form of a pathogen). Result in your body making antibodies (a chemical substance that helps destroy a pathogen)  Passive immunity: gain this by transferring antibodies made in one organism to another

16.  Reading vectors and answer questions  Finish stations (gallery walk) from yesterday  Vocab  Start new make a superbug (disease) project.

17. 1. A mosquito that transmits malaria from one person to another is a(n)  A. bacterium  B. parasite  C. infection  D. vector 2. A vaccine is made from  A. proteins produced by the body’s immune system  B. weakened or dead form of a pathogen  C. body cells that are immune to a disease  D. an antibiotic used to treat an infectious disease.

18.  Today in your group you will create a “superbug” (disease) which has your favorite features and characteristics of virus, bacteria, fungus, and parasites.  What characteristics should it have?  What functions would it need to be able to stay alive and infect a host in some way?  You will have to compromise and share ideas

19.  Structure name and its function are listed on your sheet or how you think it will be used in your project.  This is similar to what infectious agent: virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite  Do NOT forget to Name (be creative) and provide a brief description at the top.

20.  Follow up questions to make sure you have thought of everything.  Drawing a picture you structure.

21.  Can it take in food?  Can it break down food?  Absorb energy?  Get rid of waste?  How does it reproduce?  How does it get into the host?  How does it not just fall apart  Where is its DNA/RNA?  Does it have DNA/RNA.

22.  Your mother is worried because she heard that the chickenpox vaccine your younger brother is going to receive is actually a weakened form of the virus that causes chickenpox. How do you explain to her that being injected with the disease will actually help protect your brother?

23.  Drawings for your New Bug (disease)  Should include all your structures you put into the chart.  Should be colorful  Should be labeled and have the functions  Your end product should look like one of those diagram, but for your new disease.  Place the name at the Top  Its description at the bottom.

24.  The doctors suggest that people get a new flu vaccine each year. Why do you think this is?

25.  Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to solve problems and make useful products.  Selective breeding/ artificial selection=process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits  Genetic modification= change genetic material  DNA fingerprinting  Animal Cloning= copy of another organism  Bioremediation= bacteria cleans environment

26.  Ancient farmers in what is now Mexico took the first steps in domesticating maize when they simply chose which kernels (seeds) to plant. These farmers noticed that not all plants were the same. Some plants may have grown larger than others, or maybe some kernels tasted better or were easier to grind. The farmers saved kernels from plants with desirable characteristics and planted them for the next season's harvest.

27.  Scientists are looking for ways to alter crops to make them resistant to disease, herbicides (things that kill plants) and frost.  Food crops are also manipulated to taste better or to not rot as fast.

28.  Biotechnology is not just one technology, but many  3 basic kinds:  Working with cells  Working with proteins  Working with genes

29.  the microbial world has led to the emerging field of biotechnology which has given us many advances and new careers in  medicine  agriculture  genetics  food science.

30.  Bacteria clean up the environment  emerge in energy and the environment, where living cells and their molecules can help us develop new methods to clean up our environment, detect environmental contamination, and reduce our dependence on petroleum

31.  health care is developing better ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.  The food and agriculture industries are rapidly adopting the tools of biotechnology.  Energy and environment clean up

32.  Uses of modern biotechnology include:  making medicine in large quantities (e.g. penicillin) and human insulin for the treatment of diabetes,  combating crime through DNA testing and forensic testing,  removing pollution from soil and water (bioremediation)  improving the quality of agricultural crops and livestock products.

33.  Cloning is controversial  Might cause more or different diseases  Health insurance issues

34.  Remember, antibiotics only work against bacteria!!  Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria or prevent their reproduction.  Make sure you know antibiotic resistance (I hope you know this by now)

35.  Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to produce products used by people.  Examples are medications (vaccinations) and food.  DNA vaccines are being tested now. This is like an antibiotic but for things other than bacteria. It stimulates the production of killer T cells which are white blood cells that attack invading microbes.