1. Objective 9/23/15 Today we will be completing our research methods unit & begin reviewing for the upcoming unit assessment 9/25. Agenda: -Turn in all homework (ethics & dv) -Ethics brief overview -Review

2. Ethics in Research

3. 1. Introduction to ethics in research you must accept the responsibility to behave ethically toward those who will be affected by your research ethics is the study of proper action research ethics concerns the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who may be affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies’ results

4. ethical issues must be considered at each step in the research process what measurement techniques may be used for certain individuals how researchers select individuals to participate in studies which research strategies and designs may be used with certain populations and behaviors how studies may be carried out with individuals how results are reported The basic categories of ethical responsibility responsibility to the human and nonhuman individuals who participate in the research study responsibility to the discipline of science 1. Introduction to ethics in research

5. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research Historical highlights of treatment of human participants World War II – brutal experiments performed on prisoners in Nazi concentration camps 1947 Nuremberg trial with experimenters who conducted those experiments as a result of that trial – Nuremberg Code has been established 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research Nuremberg Code laid the groundwork for the ethical standards that are in place today for both psychological and medical research

6. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research Historical highlights of treatment of human participants (cont.) additional examples of maltreatment of human participants in 1963 unsuspecting patients have been injected with live cancer cells in 1972 400 men had been left to suffer with syphilis long after a cure was available

7. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines www.apa.org/ethics/code.html APA Ethics Code contains ten ethical standards, and you should be completely familiar with all of them before beginning any research with human participants

8. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines (major ethical issues) No harm the researcher is obligated to protect participants from physical or psychological harm Psychological harm – participants may feel increased anxiety, anger, lower self-esteem especially in situations where they feel that they have been cheated or insulted any risk of harm must be justified participants must be informed of any potential risks

9. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines (major ethical issues) Informed consent human participants should be given complete information about the research and their role in it they should understand the information and then voluntarily decide whether or not to participate information – if not possible to provide the subject with information about the purpose of the study we can explain to him at least exactly what will be done understanding – some participants may not be competent to understand the research (e.g. children), therefore, it is necessary to provide the information to a parent or a guardian voluntary participation – participants decide to participate of their own free will (no obligation because of a teacher or a professor asked them to do so)

10. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines (major ethical issues) deception – informed consent can not be obtain before the study to obtain unbiased results researchers must sometimes use deception because participants may adjust their own levels of performance in an attempt to satisfy the experimenter Passive deception (or omission) is the withholding or omitting of information (researcher intentionally does not tell participants some information about the study) Active deception (or commission) is the presenting of misinformation about the study to participants (misleading participants about the specific purpose of the study)

11. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines (major ethical issues) guidelines for a study involving deception: the deception must be justified in terms of some benefit that outweighs the risk to the participants the researcher can not conceal from the participants any significant aspects of the study that is expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional stress the researcher must provide the participant with debriefing that explains the true nature of the experiment, including the use and purpose of deception after the study is completed

12. 2. Ethical issues and human participants in research American psychological association (APA) Guidelines (major ethical issues) Confidentiality is the practice of keeping strictly secret and private the information or measurements obtained from an individual during a research study Anonymity is the practice of ensuring that an individual’s name is not directly associated with the information or measurements obtained from that individuals (e.g. using codes)

13. The Institutional Review board (IRB) most human-participant research must be reviewed and approved by a group of individuals (scientists and non- scientists) not directly affiliated with the specific research study the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) requires review of all human-participant research conducted by government agencies and institutions receiving government funds IRB typically requires that researchers submit a written research proposal that addresses each of the seven criteria of IRB (minimization of risk to participants, reasonable risk in relation to benefits, equitable selection, informed consent, documentation of informed consent, data monitoring, privacy and confidentiality) Category I (exempt review) – anonymous survey on innocuous topic Category II (expedited review) – minimal risk to participants Category III (full review) – special populations, deception, intervention, invasive measurement

14. 3. Ethical issues and nonhuman subjects in research the first ethical question is whether nonhuman subjects should be used at all in behavioral research APA guidelines for the use and treatment of nonhuman subjects in research www.apa.org/science/anguide.html animals must be treated humanely, qualified individuals must conduct research, the research must be justified and the researcher has a responsibility to minimize discomfort or harm institutions that conduct research with animals have an animal research review board called the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Committee consists of a veterinarian, at least one scientist experience in animal research and a one member of public with no affiliation with the institution