1. Transcription and Translation:
From DNA to Proteins

2. How can DNA code for how I look?
How does this code give me black hair & brown eyes?
How can this code make me tall or short?

3. Recall: Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
DNA makes up GENES, which are found on CHROMOSOMES.
Gene— a segment of DNA that provides information for making a specific protein.

4. DNA is expressed as PROTEINS—determines your traits!
DNA  RNA  Proteins
(Transcription) (Translation)
THE CENTRAL DOGMA!

5. DNA is very important and must be kept protected!
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
Replication
DNA can’t fit through nuclear membrane, so it needs to send a “messenger” RNA (mRNA) to the ribosomes to make proteins.
DNA is very important and must be kept protected!
Transcription
RNA
Translation .
Protein

6. Transcription (DNA  mRNA)
Transcription occurs in the NUCLEUS
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid (a nucleic acid)
DNA is template for RNA
mRNA is made of same bases, except uses URACIL instead of thymine.
A pairs with U
G pairs with C
Every 3 letters of mRNA are called a CODON.

7. Transcription
The new mRNA molecule is formed by incorporating nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand.
DNA
DNA coding strand 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ G
RNA 5’ U C A 3’ 3’ C A G T A A G C C 5’
DNA template strand

8. DNA vs. RNA RNA 1. Single-stranded 2. A pairs with Uracil (U)
Sugar = Ribose
Location = Nucleus and Ribosomes
DNA
1. Double-stranded
2. A pairs with Thymine (T)
3. Sugar = Deoxyribose
Location = Nucleus

9. There are 3 Types of RNA rRNA Ribosomal mRNA Messenger
Job is to carry the message from the nucleus to the ribosome
tRNA
Transfer
Job is to transfer the amino acids to the ribosome
Only in cytoplasm
rRNA
Ribosomal
Composes the ribosome itself
Only in cytoplasm

10. Three types of RNA

11. Translation (mRNA  Protein)
Takes place in RIBOSOMES
mRNA is template for tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA translates the message, picks up corresponding amino acid, and puts it together into a protein chain.
Every 3 letters of tRNA are called an ANTICODON.

12. Translation

13. DNA  mRNA  tRNA DNA ATC CTA GTG CAT mRNA UAG GAU CAC GUA
tRNA AUC CUA GUG CAU

14. Amino Acids—make up proteins

15. "Why do we need mRNA if DNA holds all the genetic instructions for the proteins the cell needs to produce?"
DNA must be protected at all costs AND it is too big to leave the nucleus.

16. Vocabulary to Know…. Quiz yourself!!!!!! DNA Nucleus Ribosomes
Transcription
Translation
RNA
Protein
mRNA
tRNA
Amino acid
Quiz yourself!!!!!!