2. Colonial Wars  Pequot War 1637 – first serious armed conflict between indigenous people and settlers. Cause: land Effect: Pequot tribe nearly wiped out.  King Philip’s War 1675-76 – war threatened much of New England. Wampanoag Indians v settlers. Cause: land Effect: Natives sold into slavery, Wampanoag’s had to adapt to survive; Colonist would take decades to recover from decrease in population.

3. Colonial Wars  French and Indian War – Cause: Leading up to this war, England and France had fought 3 wars due to mercantilist competition: King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War. These wars began a land frenzy on the North American continent. Land claim disputes in the Ohio Valley area would spark the F&I war.

4. Colonial Wars  French and Indian War – Albany Congress; “Join or Die”; George Washington; Fort Duquesne; William Pitt; Battle of Quebec; Effects – France lost nearly all land in North America to British; “bad blood” between England and colonist; major debt for England  Pontiac’s War – Native Am. banned together to fight expansion of colonists; Proclamation of 1763

5. American Independence  Salutary neglect; Navigation Acts, taxes, Quartering Act; Intolerable Act; Sons of Liberty; Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party  Washington’s goal – win by not losing  Lexington/Concord; Bunker Hill; Common Sense; Battle of New York; Valley Forge; Trenton and Princeton; Saratoga; Yorktown

6. Barbary Wars  Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis – Barbary States of North Africa  Hijacking ships; demanding tributes to trade in area; piracy which restricted American trade  Jefferson sent in Navy and Marines; “Millions for defense but not one red cent for tribute”; after War of 1812, America returned to area and forced the Barbary States into a treaty ending tribute payments.

7. War of 1812  US v Britain  Causes: Impressment; British troops in Ohio Valley; Non-Intercourse Act (once neutrality was respected trade would resume with Britain and France); War Hawks  US not prepared for war; patriotism soared  Battle of New Orleans; Fort McHenry; Star Spangled Banner;  Effects: Spain signed Adams-Onis Treaty; end of Federalist Party (Hartford Convention); end of British/Indian alliance

8. Mexican/American War 1846- 1848  Cause: idea of Manifest Destiny; dispute over borders of Mexico/USA; Texas War of Independence  Zachary Taylor; Robert E. Lee; Winfield Scott; Santa Anna; capture of Mexico City;  Treaty of Guadeloupe Hildalgo – US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million dollars for seizing what is now the American SW and California

9. Civil War  Causes: Slavery; tariffs; state’s rights  SC first seceded when Lincoln elected  Richmond becomes capital of the CSA after skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC.  Anaconda Plan; King Cotton Diplomacy  George McClellan; U.S Grant; William T. Sherman; Robert E. Lee; Stonewall Jackson

10. Civil War  South dominated the first years of the war.  Antietam – bloodiest one day battle in war; Emancipation Proclamation  Gettysburg – turning point of war; South would never attempt to invade North again; Gettysburg Address  Vicksburg; Atlanta; Appomattox Courthouse

11. Spanish-American War 1898  Causes: US looking to expand for new markets; new territory gained would be colonies not states; end of the frontier; economic questions; “white man’s burden”; US coveted Cuba; yellow journalism; USS Maine  Theater of Operations – Cuba and Philippines  Joseph Pulitzer; William Randolph Hearst

12. Spanish-American War  President McKinley; Teddy Roosevelt; San Juan Hill; Manila Bay; Rough Riders  Effects: US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines; helped to unite the US for the first time after Civil War; US seen as a legitimate world power

13. Wars with Native Americans 1800’s  Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 - William Henry Harrison then Governor of Indian Territory won a battle against the Shawnee Indians. The Prophet, brother of Shawnee Chief Tecumseh lead the attack for the Shawnee Indians.  Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 – Gen. Armstrong Custer and 250 soldiers were killed by Sioux warriors

14. Wars with Native Americans  Battle of Wounded Knee (aka The Massacre of Wounded Knee) 1890 – the US Army killed the final band of fighting Sioux; this effectively ended the plains Indian wars.  Seminole Wars (Indian Removal); Ute Wars (Mormons taking land); Sioux Wars (resisting settlers moving westward of the MS River)

15. Wars with Native Americans  Apache Wars – Apache resistance to reservation life; Geronimo, Cochise; most gave up in 1886; some fought until 1900  Nez Perce War – fought to keep their land in Oregon, Idaho and Montana; surrendered near the Canadian border