1. How is it possible?

2.  a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet  Contains mixture of gases(O 2 ), solids (dust, pollen, salt), and liquids (water vapor) circulated by winds  What would happen if there was no atmosphere?  Cold nights  Hot days

3.  1-Balances the amount of heat absorbed and the amount of heat escaping back to space  This heat comes from the Sun  2-Protects life forms from Sun’s harmful rays  How was it created?

4. Pictionary: Steps to develop atmosphere

5.  Time line:  Volcanoes producing water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

7. MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Time line:  Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon dioxide  Cyanobacteria living in ocean photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere

9. MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Time line:  Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon dioxide  Cyanobacteria living in ocean photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere  Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere

11. MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Time line:  Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon dioxide  Cyanobacteria living in ocean photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere  Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere  Plants were then protected from Sun and produced oxygen for respirating organisms

12. MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Time line:  Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon dioxide  Cyanobacteria living in ocean photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere  Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere  Plants were then protected from Sun

13.  78% - Nitrogen (N)  21% - Oxygen (O 2 )  1% - trace gases

14.  Car emissions adds CO 2 to the atmosphere  Dangerous b/c CO 2 is #1 greenhouse gas  Producing CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons

15. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  characterized by abrupt temperature changes  Temp. changes due to difference in solar energy absorption

16. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Troposphere Troposphere  The inner most layer  Weather, clouds, we are here  Temperature decreases as you go up  Climbing a mountain

17.  Tropopause  Boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere  Temperature stabilizes  Limits mixing between the two layers

18.  Stratosphere  Ozone layer – global sunscreen  absorbs energy from the sun heating the air  Aircraft flight in lower level

19. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Stratopause  Boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere

20. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Mesosphere  Meteoroids start to burn Meteoroids  Noctilucent clouds Noctilucent clouds

21. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  Mesopause  Boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere

22.  Ionosphere – a layer of electrically charged particles located between the mesosphere and the thermosphere  It allows radio waves to travel across the country to other cities

23.  Thermosphere  Auroras – reaction between solar wind and magnetic field where e- are excited emitting photons of light  International Space Station

24.  Exosphere Exosphere  Region where atoms and molecules can escape gravity and exit into space  Exosphere is the outer layer of the atmosphere in which the space shuttle flies. Brain Pop Video on Atmosphere

25. OZONE  Ozone layer – a layer made of oxygen in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun  3 types of suns rays – UVA, UVB, UVC sunglasses block A and B ozone blocks C  Ultraviolet radiation – one type of energy that comes to the Earth from the Sun  Causes skin damage and cancer

26. CFCs  Chlorofluorocarbons – an air pollutant that destroys the ozone layer composed of Chlorine, Fluorine, and carbon,  Used in some refrigerators, air conditioners (Freon), aerosol cans (propellants), foam packaging  Good because non-flammable, odorless, cheap, nontoxic, non-corrosive Page 432

27.  Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs causing the depletion of ozone molecules leaving holes in the ozone layer

28. THE OZONE HOLE  Sun breaks down CFC creating a free Chlorine atom  That chlorine atom breaks up O 3 (ozone) when the chlorine atom joins with 1 oxygen atom leaving 2 oxygen atoms together  The chlorine and oxygen molecule break up when come in contact with another free oxygen atom and the oxygen atoms hook-up  Now that free chlorine atom will find another ozone molecule to break apart

29.  Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

30. Air pressure  The weight of the air/atmosphere above you causes air pressure.

31. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

32.  Air density (# of air molecules in a given space) is greatest at the surface and decreases as you go up

33. Altitude and Air pressure Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.

34. Altitude and Density

35. Measuring Air Pressure  Tool used to measure air pressure is a barometer.  Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury in the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The air pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so the mercury is higher in the tube.

36. ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATOMOSPHERE  What happens to the heat from the sun?  Absorbed by earth  Reflected by the earth’s surface  Absorbed by atmosphere  Reflected by atmosphere

37. ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE  Heat flows from high temperatures to low temperatures  Sun heats earth, earth heats atmosphere Heat transfers through the atmosphere in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection

38. RADIATION  energy transferred in the form of rays or waves.  Ex: holding your hand over a stove burner

39. CONDUCTION  the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another.  Ex: burner warming pot

40. CONVECTION  the transfer of heat by the flow of material.  Circulation of boiling water

41.  Popping popcorn on the stove  Popping popcorn in electric popper  Microwave popcorn

42. What are the molecules doing?  Why does heat rise?  When air is warmed, the molecules move apart and the air becomes less dense.  Air density decreases because there are fewer molecules in one space.

43. What are the air molecules doing?  Why does cold air sink?  cold air molecules move close together becoming more dense

44. SO………  This creates convection currents which is how heat is distributed throughout the atmosphere

45. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

46. HYDROLOGIC (WATER) CYCLE  Hydrosphere – a term that describes all the water on earth’s surface  Evaporation/transpiration – sun’s energy causes water to change from a liquid to a gas  Precipitation – rain, sleet, snow, hail  Condensation – when the water vapor cools it changes back into a liquid

47.  Label the Handout using this diagram

48.  Air Movement Air Movement

49. How is wind created?

50. Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface causes winds

51. AIR MOVEMENT  Radiation from sun is received on Earth in different amounts because its curved  The equator gets more radiation than the poles because the rays are more direct  Warmer less dense air rises and the cooler air falls creating convection currents

52. Convection currents

53. CORIOLIS EFFECT  Coriolis effect – causes moving air to turn left in the S. Hemisphere and turn right in the N. Hemisphere due to Earth’s rotation Coriolis effect  Picture pg. 440, 441

54. Coriolis Effect Simulation

55.  Trade winds – blow to the west as the cooled air flows back to the equator between 0˚ and 30˚N and S latitude  Called the trade winds because early sailors used the patterns to navigate the oceans.

56.  Westerlies – between 30˚N and S latitude and 60˚N and S latitude blow from the west

57.  Polar Easterlies – between 60˚N and S latitude to the N and S poles blow from the east away from poles

58. WINDS IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE  Jet Stream – narrow belts of strong winds that blow near the troposphere Jet Stream

59. LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS  Sea breezes- created during the day because land is warmed faster than water.  Land breezes – created during the night because water cools slower than land

60. LAND/SEA BREEZES