1. Objectives 1-7

2. Unit 6 Overview How Do We Learn? objective 1 Classical Conditioning objectives 2-7 Operant Conditioning objectives 8-13 Learning by Observation objectives 14-15 7-9% of test TEST: TUESDAY NOV. 25th FRQ #3

3. How Do We Learn?

4. Introduction Learning relatively permanent behavior change due to experience “Learning breeds hope.” something learned should have staying power know learning occurred b/c behavior changed results from direct or indirect experience

5. Objective 1: What are some basic forms of learning? 1. habituation - loss our sensitivity to an oft repeated stimulus; once habituation occurs, we will have reduced sensitivity to the stimulus even if it changes - adaptation - when we get used to a continuous, unchanging stimulus – as long as unchanging we will not notice it. When it changes, our sensitivity to it returns 2. associative learning -classical conditioning: anticipate events -operant conditioning: repeat acts that have been rewarded/ stop acts that are punished -observational learning : learning through others experience

6. Classical Conditioning

11. Operant Conditioning

14. Objective 2: What is classical conditioning? Classical conditioning learn to link 2+ stimuli & anticipated events Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) John B. Watson (1913) Behaviorism

15. Objective 3: How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus Ivan Pavlov Background Experimental procedure

16. Pavlov’s Experiments Parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (US) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

17. Pavlov’s Experiments

21. Classical Conditioning

24. Objective 4 : acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization & discrimination Acquisition The initial stage of association between NS & US NS presented ½ -1 sec BEFORE CS Higher-order conditioning Higher-order conditioning a CS is paired w/ a new NS = a 2 nd (weaker) CS Association can influence attitudes

25. Pavlov’s Experiments Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS

26. Spontaneous recovery Only happens after extinction has occurred

27. Pavlov’s Experiments Generalization Generalization stimuli similar to CS elicit same response happens quite automatically adaptive

28. Pavlov’s Experiments Discrimination Discrimination learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli results from overtraining

29. US= CS= CR= UR=NS= The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water. mouth water taste of cookies smell of cookies + unlearned unconditioned natural http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM Conditioning Dwight

30. Objective 5: (p. 223) Do cognition and biological constraints affect classical conditioning Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive process requiring thought to occur Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness John Garcia Biological constraints Biologically prepared to learn certain responses that help us adapt color red taste aversion secondary disgust

31. Pavlov’s Legacy Why should we care about dogs drooling? Classical conditioning applies to other organisms Showed how to study a topic scientifically

32. Pavlov’s Legacy Applications of Classical Conditioning John Watson and Baby Albert http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=FMnhyGozL yE Little Albert