1. THE AGE OF JACKSON From the War of 1812 up to…

2. The War of 1812 Ends The Treaty of Ghent – Dec. 1814 No real victors British gave up Western forts and giving aid to the Indians We gave up the issue of Impressment and the claim to Canada There are losers… New England federalists feel the sting of defeat

3. Strangest Outcome of the War… Republicans and Federalists reverse roles Republicans learn “nationalism” War forces Madison to realize Standing Army / Navy not so bad Value of a national bank Higher tariffs to protect infant US industries Federalists borrow from Jefferson States rights and Strict Construction

4. The War Ends New England Federalists start to lose power Dec 1814 meet in Hartford, Connecticut Propose Constitutional Amendments to protect their power Discuss Secession from Union Attempt to reduce Southern power As the convention broke up two things happened… News of Victory in New Orleans News of the Treaty of Ghent The Federalist lose political power here and never recover (stigma of disloyalty)

5. Madison’s Successors Strong wave of American Nationalism War of 1812 our “2 nd War of Independence” 1812, 1816, 1820 - VA maintained its grip on the Whitehouse 1816 James Monroe beats Rufus King “Era of Good Feelings” There were many problems “North and South” Internal Improvements Missouri Territory Foreign Policy

6. Henry Clay’s - American System (1815) A Plan to Unify the Nation & create a strong National Economy Establish a protective tariff Resurrect the National bank Sponsor Internal Improvements N would manufacture goods S and W needed to buy S & W would grow raw materials N needed to live and produce goods Better transportation systems would make it all flow

7. How nice!!! But… Madison will veto bill for Federal $ for internal improvements This will be a STATE matter from now on! National Road and Eire Canal in North! 2 nd Bank and Tariffs do pass But will the benefit the South???

8. North and South Is the USA 1 United Country??? ECONOMIES North = Manufacturing, Industrial Industrial Revolution / Infrastructure 1816 – 2 nd US Bank Chartered War of 1812 = birth of USA manufacturing End of War = Trade again = Cheap British goods imported Tariff of 1816 – At first most support, but…

9. N & S South = Agricultural, “King Cotton” Does not develop industry way N does S does not develop infrastructure South will become ANTI Tariff Dependent on Slave Labor Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin We see the beginnings of a crisis…

10. The Sectional Crisis North vs. South More and more will happen to divide the country into two separate sections Slavery Tariffs Economies Ways of life Industrial Development USA won’t function as one country A real big issue comes up…

11. “A Firebell in the Night…” 1819 - Missouri applied for statehood – 60,000 population 1819 - Missouri applied for statehood – 60,000 population The process for statehood had run smoothly since 1790s The process for statehood had run smoothly since 1790s Missouri had more than 10,000 slaves in it Missouri had more than 10,000 slaves in it A balance of power existed in the Senate between N and S states (House already lost to slave states, 105 to 81) A balance of power existed in the Senate between N and S states (House already lost to slave states, 105 to 81) Would MO be a “slave” or “free” state??? Would MO be a “slave” or “free” state???

12. The Missouri Compromise - 1819 Luckily Maine ready to be a state also Luckily Maine ready to be a state also ME enters as FREE ME enters as FREE MO enters as SLAVE MO enters as SLAVE 36’ 30’’ Line = No slavery in N LA Purchase lands 36’ 30’’ Line = No slavery in N LA Purchase lands Slavery in MO and AR Territory Slavery in MO and AR Territory LA Purchase = “Great American Desert” LA Purchase = “Great American Desert” Thought a victory for Slavery Thought a victory for Slavery

13. The Missouri Compromise

14. Everyone is afraid of slavery Everyone is afraid of slavery Republicans are worried about the Federalists – north Republicans are worried about the Federalists – north They did not like this appearance of division They did not like this appearance of division Jefferson said… Jefferson said… “We have a wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self preservation in the other.” “We have a wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self preservation in the other.”

15. The Monroe Doctrine While they struggled with slavery… 1816 – Jackson invaded Spanish Fla. He was searching for Seminole Indians – Still raiding in America Started harboring runaway slaves Jackson declares himself commander of North Fla. Executes 2 British men as dangerous individuals Monroe wants to court martial him But Jackson is a very popular individual

16. General Jackson

17. The Monroe Doctrine While this goes on… John Quincy Adams meets with Spain 1819 - The Adams-Onis Treaty We get Fla. We give up claims to Texas and Cuba Problem with other nations reclaiming old colonies in South America We forbid any European nation coming to Western Hemisphere We will stay out of European struggles Doctrine = USA Nationalism

19. Election of 1824 Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams No majority winner in EC or POP vote It goes to the House “The Corrupt Bargain” with Clay??? JQ Adams is President Clay Sec. of State Jackson vows Revenge – Makes Adams’ Presidency miserable Clay losing election also = Death of the American System

20. Immediate Campaign for 1828 Andrew Jackson Symbol of a self-confident and expanding nation Jackson a War Hero, Indian fighter, a brawler, & a “common man’s” man

22. Popular Politics and Partisan Identity 1 828 – A change in political process – voters determine electors not legislatures V oting restrictions are eased A ll but three states had universal white male suffrage (all this = Jacksonian Democracy) 1 828 new campaign style – Attempt to create popular favor J ackson is the first to have a nickname used in campaign “ Old Hickory”

23. The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue These guy blast each other in campaigns News papers Party politics to solidify support Popular campaigning Jackson displayed Adams as an aristocratic Adams displayed Jackson as the bastard son of a prostitute… Then attacked his relationship with Rachel

24. The Election of 1828

25. Wild Inauguration Party

26. Spoils System

27. Popular Politics and Partisan Identity Partisan newspapers crop up all over the country Partisan newspapers crop up all over the country 1828 – Parties still rejected to accept official party names 1828 – Parties still rejected to accept official party names The called themselves the Jackson party or Adams party, but… The called themselves the Jackson party or Adams party, but… In 1832 names started to show up In 1832 names started to show up Clay was the National Republicans Clay was the National Republicans Jackson was the Democratic Republicans Jackson was the Democratic Republicans 1834 names were shortened to Whig (Clay) and Democrat (Jackson) 1834 names were shortened to Whig (Clay) and Democrat (Jackson)

28. Jackson’s Democratic Agenda He was Jeffersonian – limited government He was Jeffersonian – limited government Government intervention in economy would hurt the common man Government intervention in economy would hurt the common man Opposed to federal support of transportation Opposed to federal support of transportation Also grants of monopolies and charters to wealthy investors Also grants of monopolies and charters to wealthy investors Supported the rapid settlement of ‘interior lands’ Supported the rapid settlement of ‘interior lands’ Indian policy would have high priority for him Indian policy would have high priority for him He would use the veto 12 times – previous Pres. 9 times He would use the veto 12 times – previous Pres. 9 times 1830 – vetoed a highway bill for federal funds for KY Clay’s state – Jackson liked that 1830 – vetoed a highway bill for federal funds for KY Clay’s state – Jackson liked that

29. Jackson Defines the Democratic Party Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification The Bank War and the Panic of 1837 Van Buren’s One-Term Presidency

30. Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears Jackson supported rapid expansion in the west Did not support any idea of assimilation 1829 – Jackson said Indians could not hold on to land 1830 Removal Act – relocate tribes west of Mississippi 1832 – Worcester v. GA - the Supreme Court found the Cherokee distinct territory not bound by GA law Jackson is furious Moves Indians out anyways Even though Indian Removal was a state’s rights issue…

31. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

32. TRAIL OF TEARS

33. The 1828 Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Jackson strongly supported the tariff The Tariffs hurt the south, SC especially John C. Calhoun – SC – Drew up a statement of nullification Calhoun will resign as VP and take a Senate seat for SC 1833 - SC declares the tariffs null and void Jackson sends armed ships to the harbor at Charleston He declares their actions as treason in the Force Bill A revised tariff is passed also and they withdraw their nullification (Clay Plan) State’s rights questions are not over…

34. The Bank War and the Panic of 1837 1819 The Bank rode out the ‘panic’ –Federal Government’s deposits –Extended credit and loans –Issued bank notes – the most secure currency in the nation The bank had 29 branches across the country Under Nicholas Biddle’s guidance – help stabilize nation

35. The War Bank Charter will expire in 1836 Republicans (Clay, Webster, Biddle) make it an issue for 1832 election Bank Bill passes Congress, but Jackson Vetoes it knowing it won’t be overturned Jackson preaches against Monopolies

36. Fighting the Bank “Monster”

37. Jackson wins Re-Election in 1832 Uses this to further destroy USB Jackson withdraws Federal $ and deposits it into 23 different State Banks “Pet Banks” rewarded for loyalty to Jax

38. KING ANDREW???

39. Plan Backfires USB could actually maintain order in financial world, now gone By 1834, tightness of credit = business distress Inflation rises, states go into debt financing internal improvements Martin van Buren will inherit Jackson’s mess