1. Chapter 42
Circulation and
Gas Exchange

2. O2 and CO2 must dissolve
in water before they can
pass through a membrane
so all respiratory
membranes must be kept
moist
Diffusion is a slow process
1 sec over 1 um but 1000
seconds (over 16 minutes)
over 1 mm

3. Open circulatory system hemolymph sinuses-arthropods respiratory pigment hemocyanin is not contain in cells and is very diffuse in the hemolymph

4. Reptilian heart has a partial septum in the ventricle

6. Pulmonary
Aortic
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid or
Mitral Valve

9. Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

10. Diastole- atria contract and ventricles relax and fill with blood, blood washes back in the arteries and closes the semilunar valves and produces the lower diastolic pressure
Systole- ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries and a pulse and higher pressure called systolic pressure and slapping the atrioventricular valves shut
Heart murmur- a defect in a valve that allows backflow mitral valve prolapse

17. Slide # 32
Comparison of vein and artery

24. Muscular constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters controls the flow of blood through capillaries
Figure 23.11 1
Sphincters relaxed
Capillaries
Arteriole
Venule
Precapillary sphincters 2
Sphincters contracted
Arteriole
Venule
Thoroughfare channel
Thoroughfare channel

25. High hydrostatic pressure due to blood pressure in the smaller diameter capillaries on the arteriole end; low osmotic pressure pulling water in because the blood still has all its water
Lower hydrostatic pressure due larger dia. vessels and less blood volume; higher osmotic pulling water in lower conc. of water vs. dissolved substances

26. Arteriole end of a capillary
Venous end of a capillary

30. Slide # 31

31. Slide # 28

32. to cells that have tissue factor
->thromboplastin

33. Slide # 29
Blood clot
Crenated red blood cell

35. 4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult; 45% is cellular elements
Ischemia-insufficient blood flow to portion of the heart that can result in angina pectoralis and death of a section of heart tissue
Stroke-death of nervous tissue in the brain due to blockage of arteries
Thrombus-stationary clot; embolus-moving clot
Pulmonary embolism-most common place
Atherosclerosis-fatty plaques attach to the artery walls
Arteriosclerosis-plaques become hardened by calcium
Aneurism-an enlarged weakened area of an artery
Stenosis-the partial blockage of an artery

36. Normal stenosis with Plaque

37. Lymph is returned to the circulatory system through the subclavian veins using pressure changes in the thoracic cavity to pull the lymph into the blood stream.

38. edema-swelling caused by excess fluid loss from the capillaries can be caused by hypertension or capillary damage
pulmonary embolism-most common place for an embolism to lodge

41. O2 does not dissolve in water very well
Water has lower concentrations of O2 and it is also more dense; thus fish must use more energy in respiration but they do not have a problem with their respiratory membranes remaining moist so they can have more surface area.

43. Counter-current exchange

44. membranes around the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity are the
pleural membranes; an infection is called pleurisy
an infection of the larynx is called laryngitis

46. Slide 182 Nasal Septum Capillaries under the mucosa layer
Mucus membranes
moisten and warm
the air

47. Slide # 185
Trachea

48. Slide # 186
Trachea epithelial lining

49. Slide # 189
Lung Bronchiole

52. Slide #191
Lung Alveoli

53. Slide # 193
Alveolar Macrophages

54. Lung Interalveolar Septum
Slide # 194
Lung Interalveolar Septum
Interalveolar septum
Type II cell secretes surfactant
Note thickness of cells between the air and the blood vessel
Air spaces
inside alveoli

57. The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that has fibers connecting to both the diaphragm and the sinoatrial node to either slow or speed up both breathing and heart rate

60. CO2 Transport 7% in solution in blood plasma
23% binds to amino groups of hemoglobin
70% transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and H+

61. Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because they: have a higher blood volume have more hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of blood have more myoglobin in their muscle tissues only circulate blood to essential tissues during dives