1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most animals have a circulatory system – That transports O 2 and nutrients to cells and takes away CO 2 and other wastes – Must deal with the problem of gravity How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation?

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Circulatory system Connects all body tissues Arteries, veins and capillaries Capillary Nuclei of smooth muscle cells Red blood cell LM 700  Figure 23.1A

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillaries – Are the sites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid Capillary Interstitial fluid Tissue cell Diffusion of molecules Figure 23.1B

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT Several types have evolved Cnidarians and flatworms Gastrovascular cavity – Digestion – Internal transport Figure 23.2A Mouth Circular canal

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Open circulatory systems Arthropods and molluscs – Open-ended vessels – Tissue cells directly Figure 23.2B Pores Tubular heart

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Closed circulatory systems – Arteries to capillaries – Veins return blood to the heart Artery (O 2 -rich blood) Arteriole Capillary beds Venule Vein Atrium Ventricle Heart Artery (O 2 -poor blood) Gill capillaries Figure 23.2C

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebrate cardiovascular systems Fish – Two-chambered heart – Single circuit: gill capillaries -> systemic capillaries -> heart Figure 23.3A Systemic capillaries Gill capillaries Heart: Ventricle (V) Atrium (A)

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebrate cardiovascular systems On land – Mostly 4 chambered hearts – Double circulation – Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Right Left AA V Lung capillaries Systemic capillaries V

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amphibians and reptiles – Three-chambered hearts Figure 23.3B Pulmocutaneous circuit Systemic circuit RightLeft AA V Lung and skin capillaries Systemic capillaries

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE MAMMALIAN CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM Heart – Two thin-walled atria -> – Pump blood into the ventricles -> – Thick-walled ventricles -> – Pump blood away – Valves prevent backflow AV Semilunar Right atrium Left atrium Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular (AV) valve Atrioventricular (AV) valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Figure 23.4A

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood flow Human cardiovascular system Figure 23.4B 1 2 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 4 10 3 9 8 Superior vena cava Capillaries of head, chest, and arms Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Capillaries of abdominal region and legs Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right atrium Pulmonary vein Capillaries of right lung Pulmonary artery

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart function Contracts and relaxes rhythmically Diastole – Relaxed – Heart chambers fill Systole – Contractions: Atria: blood into the ventricles Ventricles: blood into the large arteries (stronger)

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart function Figure 23.6 Heart is relaxed. AV valves are open. 1 2 Atria contract. Systole Diastole 0.4 sec 0.1sec 0.3 sec 3 Ventricles contract. Semilunar valves are open.

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart function Cardiac output – Volume of blood/minute pumped into the systemic circuit – 5 L per minute

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The pacemaker Pacemaker (SA node) generates electrical signals – Triggers contraction of the atria The AV node – Relay – O.1 sec delay to ventricles – ECG Figure 23.7 1 234 Pacemaker (SA node) AV node Specialized muscle fibers Apex Right ventricle Right atrium ECG

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pacemaker Heart rate – Adjustable Heart attack? Heart murmur? Aorta Superior Vena cava Pulmonary artery Left coronary artery Right coronary artery Blockage Dead muscle tissue

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atherosclerosis Connective tissue Smooth muscle Epithelium LM 160  LM 60  Plaque Figure 23.8B

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood vessels Capillaries – Wall formed by single layer of epithelial cells Arteries and veins – Have smooth muscle and connective tissue Figure 23.5 Capillary Epithelium Basement membrane Valve Epithelium Smooth muscle Connective tissue Vein Venule Arteriole Artery Connective tissue Smooth muscle Epithelium

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood pressure – Is the force blood exerts on vessel walls – Depends on cardiac output and the resistance of vessels

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood pressure Highest in the arteries Figure 23.9A Pressure (mm Hg) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Relative sizes and numbers of blood vessels Velocity (cm/sec) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Venae cavae Vains

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood pressure Muscle contractions and one-way valves – Keep blood moving Skeletal muscle Direction of blood flow in vein Valve (open) Valve (closed) Figure 23.9B

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood flow Constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters – In capillary beds Figure 23.11 1 2 Sphincters relaxed Sphincters contracted VenuleArteriole Venule Arteriole Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Capillaries Thoroughfare channel

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transfers Capillaries TEM 5,000  Muscle cell Cleft between two epithelial cells of the capillary wall Nucleus of epithelial cell Capillary wall Iumen Interstitial fluid Figure 23.12A

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transfers Movement of materials in and out of blood Diffusion – Through clefts between epithelial cells Tissue cells Osmotic pressure Arterial end of capillary Interstitial fluid Net fluid Movement out Net fluid Movement in Blood pressure Blood pressure Osmotic pressure Venous end of capillary Figure 23.12B

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD Red and white blood cells suspended in plasma Plasma is about 90% water – Inorganic ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones Plasma (55%) Constituent Major functions Water Solvent for carrying other substances Salts (ions) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and nerve and muscle function Plasma proteins Fibrinogen Immunoglobulins (antibodies) Osmotic balance and pH buffering Immunity Clotting Substances transported by blood Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids,vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O 2 and CO 2 ) Hormones Centrifuged blood sample Figure 23.13 (left part)

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – O 2 bound to hemoglobin White blood cells (leukocytes) – Fight infections and cancer Centrifuged blood sample Cellular elements (45%) Cell type Number per  L (mm 3 ) of blood Functions Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Defense and immunity Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Blood clotting250,000– 400,000 Platelets Neutrophil Figure 23.13 (right part)

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Respiration Breathe?

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Surfaces Gas exchange – For all cells in the body. Skin Gills Tracheae (insects) Lungs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15a

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15b

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15c

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15d

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Respiratory System

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory System Air: mouth and nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchioles Bronchioles dead-end: – air sacs: alveoli Site of gas exchange Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.17

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.18

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.21

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Take a Breath inhalation (inspiration) Exhalation (expiration) Automatic – Control centers in brain – Respond to CO 2 levels in the blood Conscious control?

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.19

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42. Figure 23.20

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemoglobin? Oxygen does mix easily with blood. Carried in hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells Anemia?

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.23

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question of the Day Stem cells have been a controversial area of biomedical research. What are they? What diseases and conditions do scientists hope to cure stem cells? Why the controversy?