1. The Enlightenment 1700-1800

2. Immanuel Kant What is Enlightenment? (1784) Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. […] Sapere aude. Have courage to use your own reason!"- that is the motto of enlightenment.

3. What was it?  Progressive, Rationalistic, Humanistic worldview  Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and culminated in the French Revolution  Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class  Paris = Center of Enlightenment  Optimism about mankind’s abilities

4. Key Ideas  Distrust of Tradition and Revealed Religion  Scientific method could be applied to society as well  Society can get better as risks are taken  Man is naturally good  Good life is on earth

5. The Philosophes  18 th century French intellectuals  Interest in addressing a broad audience  Committed to reform  Celebrated the scientific revolution  The “Mystique of Newton”  Science applied to society

6. The Role of the Salon  Protection and encouragement offered by French aristocratic women in their private drawing rooms  Feminine influence on the Enlightenment  Madame Geoffrin

7. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view.

8. Origins of Enlightenment  Renaissance/Reformation  Individualism  Scholarship  Increased Literacy  Scientific Revolution  Newtonian physics/natural laws  Empiricism/Scientific Method  Age of Exploration  Relative truth and morality

9. Characteristics of the Enlightenment  Rationalism/Reason  Apply Scientific Method to study laws of human nature  Progress  “Optimism”  Create better societies  Freedom  Of thought and expression  From oppressors

10. The Englightened Individual: The Philosophe  French “publicists” of new ideas  Salons – civilized social gatherings presided over by wealthy women Her circle met daily from five o'clock until nine in the evening. There we were sure to find choice men of all orders in the State, the Church, the Court [....] Politics, religion, philosophy, anecdotes, news, nothing was excluded from the conversation […]News of all kinds was gathered there in its first freshness. On Julie de Lespinasse

11. Pre-Enlightenment Philosophy in the Age of Reason  17 th century Europe  Science + Philosophy John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651)

12. René Descartes (1596–1650) French philosopher and mathematician Questioned the basis of his own knowledge “Cogito ergo sum”

13. The French Salon and the Philosophes Madame de Pompadour Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons

14. Philosophes & Human Nature  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762)  Voltaire, The Philosophical Dictionary (1764)

15. Voltaire (1694–1778)  Most famous philosophe  Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books  Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order  Championed social, political, and religious tolerance

16. The Encyclopédie  Major achievement of the philosophes  Begun in 1745; completed in 1765  Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert  Banned by the Catholic Church Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

17. Deism  Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion  Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism

18. Deism (continued)  The “great watchmaker”  Thomas Paine Thomas Paine

19. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)  Applied rational analysis to the study of government  Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy  Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler

20. John Locke (1632–1704)  The “State of Nature”  Tabula rasa  Treatises of Government  Rights

21. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)  Philosophized on the nature of society and government  The Social Contract

22. Hobbes and Locke on State of Nature  Hobbes:  man is by nature fearful, contentious;  state of nature = war of all against all.  Locke:  man is by nature capable of sociability before he enters into society,  e.g. contract b/w a Swiss and an Indian in the woods of America;  protection of property is reason to form governments.

23. Rousseau vs Hobbes and Locke  Both are wrong:  Man is naturally peaceable and isolated;  Man is not naturally sociable;  he must become so, through a long and complicated development;  Inequality, exploitation and arbitrary rule = outcome.

24. Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) French noble and political philosopher The Spirit of the Laws Separation of powers Constitutional monarchy

25. Women and the Enlightenment  Changing views  Role of education  Equality Mary WollstonecraftOlympe de Gouges

26. Mary Wollstonecraft  Declaration of the Rights of Man  A Vindication of the Rights of Women  Education  Women’s rights movement

27. Olympe De Gouges  Criticized the French Revolution  The Rights of Women  “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”  Executed in 1793

28. “Enlightened Monarchs”  Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs  Receptive to Enlightenment ideas  Instituted new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France

29. Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786) Prussian ruler Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia

30. Frederick the Great (continued) Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

31. Catherine the Great (ruled 1762–1796)  Russian ruler  Well-versed in Enlightenment works  “Westernizing” Russia  Domestic reforms  Peasant revolt

32. Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780)  Austrian ruler  Government reforms  The serfs  Son—Joseph II

33. Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)  Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780  Joseph’s reforms Religious toleration Control over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdom

34. Gustav III (ruled 1771–1792)  Swedish ruler  Read French Enlightenment works  Reforms  Absolutism

35. Napoleon I  French ruler  Military career  Rise to power  Reforms Education Law

36. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution  Influence of Locke, Montesquieu  The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson

37. The U.S. Constitution  Separation of powers  Checks and balances Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

38. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution  The American Revolution  The Estates General The Marquis de Lafayette

39. The Declaration of the Rights of Man  Adopted by National Assembly in 1789  “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

40. The Great Debate Reason & Logic Tradition & Superstition  Rationalism  Empiricism  Tolerance  Skepticism  Nostalgia  Religion  Irrationalism  Emotionalism vs

41. The Big Questions  What is the nature of man?  Is society governed by natural laws?  What is the purpose of government?  What is the best form of government?

42. The Legacy of the Enlightenment  Government  Society  Education The signing of the U.S. Constitution