1. The Enlightenment or The Age of Reason

2. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment: intellectual movement in Europe during the 1700s that led to new theories about society, gov’t, economics, and religion The Enlightenment: intellectual movement in Europe during the 1700s that led to new theories about society, gov’t, economics, and religion

3. According to the 18 th - century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “ motto ” of the Enlightenment was “ Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence! ” (Kant, “ What Is Enlightenment? ” 1784) Immanuel Kant

4. “Dare to Know!” To be enlightened: think independently “Free thought”

5. The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships

6. Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method The scientific method Observation and experimentation Testable hypothesis Sir Francis Bacon

7. Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries Newton’s achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkers Newton’s achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkers Sir Isaac Newton

8. Enlightenment Principles Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular (not religious) Scientific and academic thought should be secular (not religious) A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

9. The Marquis de Condorcet French mathematician Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit

10. Condorcet (continued) Universal education Progress and “perfectibility”

12. Enlightenment Thinkers

13. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) English English Book “Leviathan” Book “Leviathan” studied government/humans studied government/humans Believed natural state of humans was to be at war Believed natural state of humans was to be at war Why believe this?Why believe this? Lives are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” Lives are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”

14. Hobbes Believed that humans were driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler Believed that humans were driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler absolute monarchy is best Ruler got power from consent of people..not divine right

15. John Locke (1632–1704) The “State of Nature”: all men equal People born a Tabula rasa, or a blank slate Everything is learned

16. Locke (continued) Book: Two Treatises of Government Gov’t exists to preserve natural rights (life, liberty, property) If natural rights taken, right to rebel/change gov’t Constitutional monarchy best

17. René Descartes (1596–1650) French philosopher and mathematician Questioned the basis of his own knowledge “Cogito ergo sum”

18. The French Salon and the Philosophes Madame de Pompadour Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons

19. Voltaire (1694–1778) Most famous philosophe Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order(church, nobles) Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order(church, nobles) Championed social, political, and religious tolerance Championed social, political, and religious tolerance

20. The Encyclopédie Major achievement of the philosophes Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

21. The Encyclopédie (continued) Denis Diderot Banned by the Catholic Church Denis Diderot Banned by the Catholic Church Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot

23. Deism Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism

24. Deism (continued) The “great watchmaker” The “great watchmaker” Thomas Paine Thomas Paine Thomas Paine

26. Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) French noble and political philosopher Book: The Spirit of the Laws Compared different types of govt’s

27. Montesquieu (continued) Separation of powers Executive Judicial Legislative Would prevent tyranny Constitutional monarchy best, not democracy Frontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws

28. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) The Social Contract The Social Contract “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.” “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.” Civilization corrupts natural goodness Civilization corrupts natural goodness

29. Rousseau Gov’t receives power from the people Gov’t receives power from the people People in society have agreement: give up some freedoms in exchange for protection/common good People in society have agreement: give up some freedoms in exchange for protection/common good Believed all men equal Believed all men equal Democracy is best form of gov’t Democracy is best form of gov’t

30. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence Influence of Locke Influence of Locke Unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, pursuit of HappinessUnalienable rights of Life, Liberty, pursuit of Happiness Right to change gov’tRight to change gov’t Thomas Jefferson

31. The U.S. Constitution Influence of Montesquieu Influence of Montesquieu Separation of powersSeparation of powers Checks and balancesChecks and balances No branch too powerful No branch too powerful Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

32. Women and the Enlightenment Changing views Changing views Role of education Role of education Equality Equality Mary WollstonecraftOlympe de Gouges

33. Wollstonecraft (continued) A Vindication of the Rights of Women A Vindication of the Rights of Women Women need education to become virtuous and useful Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters

34. Olympe De Gouges Criticized the French Revolution Criticized the French Revolution The Rights of Women The Rights of Women “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” Executed in 1793 Executed in 1793

36. “Enlightened Absolute Monarchs” Contradiction of terms?? Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Open to Enlightenment ideas passed new laws and practices

37. Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786) Prussian ruler Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works and the arts Convinced Voltaire to come to Prussia

38. Frederick the Great (continued) Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms –Religious freedom –Better ed –Efficient gov’t, simplified laws –Banned torture But kept serfs and supported nobles Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

39. Catherine the Great (ruled 1762–1796) Russian ruler Russian ruler read Enlightenment works read Enlightenment works “Westernized” Russia “Westernized” Russia Import art Modernize industry and ag Wars to expand: Poland, Black Sea Wars to expand: Poland, Black Sea

40. Catherine the Great (continued) Domestic reforms Domestic reforms New legal codes Improved ed Restricted torture Peasant revolt led to Peasant revolt led to Control serfs Stronger nobles

41. Maria Theresa (ruled 1740– 1780) Austrian ruler Austrian ruler Government reforms Government reforms Improved lives of serfs Improved lives of serfs Son—Joseph II Son—Joseph II

42. Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790) Ruled with his mother until 1780 Ruled with his mother until 1780 Joseph’s reforms Joseph’s reforms Religious toleration Control over the Catholic Church Abolished serfdom

43. Gustav III (ruled 1771–1792) Swedish ruler Read French Enlightenment works Reforms –Freedom of press –Abolish torture –Freedom of religion Became absolute ruler who weakened nobles Assassinated by nobles

44. Napoleon French ruler French ruler Military career Military career Rise to power Rise to power

45. Napoleon I (continued) Reforms Reforms Education: public schoolsEducation: public schools Written code of lawsWritten code of laws Men equal Men equal Right to property Right to property But: restricted freedom of press and speech But: restricted freedom of press and speech

47. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution The American Revolution The American Revolution The Estates General The Estates General The Marquis de Lafayette

48. The Declaration of the Rights of Man Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

49. The Legacy of the Enlightenment GovernmentSocietyEducation The signing of the U.S. Constitution