1. Enlightenment
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2. Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Rationalism  reason is the arbiter of all things.
Cosmology  a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the universe.
Secularism  application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy.

3. Utilitarianism  the greatest good for the greatest number.
Scientific Method
Mathematical analysis
Experimentation
Inductive reasoning.
Utilitarianism  the greatest good for the greatest number.
Tolerance  No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.

4. Optimism & Self-Confidence
The belief that man is intrinsically good.
The belief in social progress.
Freedom
Of thought and expression.
Bring liberty to all men (modern battle against absolutism).
Education of the Masses

5. Legal Reforms
Justice, kindness, and charity  no torture or indiscriminant incarceration.
Due process of law.
Constitutionalism
Written constitutions  listing citizens, rights.
Cosmopolitanism.

6. Core Beliefs Truth discovered through reason
What is natural, is also good and reasonable
People can find happiness in this life
Society and humankind can progress and improve
People’s liberty should be protected by the law
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7. Enlightenment Philosophers
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8. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
Life in the state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
Strongest element: passion
Self-preservation basis of his thought
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9. To secure peace- est sovereign pwr not subject to civil law
Man against man
To secure peace- est sovereign pwr not subject to civil law
Monarchy is most effective
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10. John Locke English Natural rights
Right to overthrow govt that does not protect “natural” rights
State of nature is not perpetual war
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11. Hobbes vs. Locke Philosopher What drives human behavior?
Best form of government
Hobbes
Passion
Absolute Monarchy
Locke
Reason
Constitutionalism
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12. Baron de Montesquieu French Separation of powers Checks & balances
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13. Jean Jacques Rousseau French Natural goodness & individual freedom
Govt by “general will” of the people
Social Contract
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14. Cesare B. Beccaria Italian Justice system Accused had rights
Advocated abolishing torture
Govt: greatest good for greatest number of people
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15. Common Sense Pierre Bayle’s Historical and Critical Dictionary
demolished traditional concepts
Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia ( ),
encapsulated the whole of human knowledge
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16. Voltaire’s Philosophical Letters
encouraged readers to cast off inherited misconceptions
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile (1762)
Argued for new pedagogy (methods of teaching)
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17. War on tradition Discuss this one- Don’t copy
Voltaire: Christianity often was “l’infame,” the detestable thing
Deism
belief in nature’s God who created universe according to natural laws
John Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration
urged openness to all religious expressions (except Roman Catholicism and atheism)
Freemasonry
blend of Egyptian polytheism with medieval guilds and brotherly love
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18. Social Contracts Discuss this one- Don’t copy
John Locke’s Second Treatise of Civil Government
government contract powered by consent of property owners
Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws (1748)
laws evolved to be spirit of a nation
“constitutionalism” should protect freedoms of citizens
“separation of powers” create checks and balances
Rousseau’s Social Contract (1762)
state guided by “moral and collective body” of individual citizens
Jefferson: American Declaration of Independence
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19. Effects of the Enlightenment
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20. Enlightenment Ideas:
Encouraged people to use observation to make new discoveries
Rely on reason
Question traditional authority
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21. Enlightenment Ideas Spread from Europe to the Americas
“the philosophes,” create the mvmt of the Enlightenment
Centered in France and England, also Scotland, Italy and Netherlands
Kant: “Dare to know!”
Influenced the American Revolution
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