1. Memory

2. Cognitive Processing Automatic processing Controlled processing
Serial processing
Parallel processing

4. Attention Focusing attention on a narrowed range of stimuli
Sustained v. Divided
Filter
Early? (sensory input)
Late? (after brain processes)
Top Down v. Bottom Up

5. Retention at three levels of processing
Retention at three levels of processing. In accordance with levels-of-processing theory, Craik and Tulving (1975) found that structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding led to progressively better retention.

6. Enriched Encoding
Elaboration
Visual Imagery
Self-Referent Encoding

9. Baddeley & Hitch – Working Memory

10. Recognition versus recall in the measurement of retention
Recognition versus recall in the measurement of retention. Luh (1922) had subjects memorize lists of nonsense syllables and then measured their retention with either a recognition test or a recall test at various intervals up to two days. As you can see, the forgetting curve for the recall test was quite steep, whereas the recognition test yielded much higher estimates of subjects’ retention.

11. Memory Systems
Implicit
Explicit

13. Conditioned responses
Implicit Memories
Procedural
Learned skills
Does not require conscious recollection
Conditioned responses
“automatic memory”

14. Explicit Memories Declarative Semantic
Can be accessed directly
Involves episodic and semantic memory
Semantic
General knowledge not attached to time
Language
Episodic
Chronological recollection of experience
“Flashbulb memory”

15. Memory for the past and future events
Retrospective
Remembering events from the past or previously learned
Prospective
Memory for future events
“What do I have to do today?”

16. Why do we forget?
7 sins of memory

17. “Sins of Omission”
Transience--the decreasing accessibility of memory over time.
Absent-mindedness--lapses of attention and forgetting to do things.
Blocking--temporary inaccessibility of stored information, such as tip-of-the-tongue syndrome.

18. “Sins of Commission”
Suggestibility--incorporation of misinformation into memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes.
Bias--retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs.
Persistence--unwanted recollections that people can't forget, such as the unrelenting, intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Misattribution--attribution of memories to incorrect sources or believing that you have seen or heard something you haven't.