1. Learning

2. Not learning intellectually but learning behaviors –Remember psychology: study of behavior and mental processes 3 Ways we acquire behavior –Classical Conditioning (CC) – Pavlov and Watson –Operant Conditioning (OC) - Skinner –Observational Learning – Bandura –Behaviorists – focus on observable, measurable behavior – very objective Height of influence in 1920s NURTURE - environment

4. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

5. Classical Conditioning Turn of the 20 th century, Russian Psychologist, Ivan Pavlov discovered CC while studying digestion in dogs

6. Classical Conditioning = learning by association - people and animals learn to associate neutral stimuli w/ stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did the natural one

7. CC 1. US (unconditioned stimulus) –Original stimulus that elicits natural response (ex. Food) 2. UR (unconditioned response) –The natural response (ex. Salivation) 3. CS (Conditioned stimulus) –Neutral stimulus paired with US that eventually elicits response alone (ex. Bell) 4. CR (Conditioned Response) –UCR solicited by CS (ex. Salivation)

8. Learning has taken place once the animals respond to the CS without the US = Acquisition because animals have acquired a new behavior – CS produces CR without US

9. Pavlov’s Dogs

10. Factors that affect acquisition 1. Repeated pairings of CS & US ; more times paired = stronger CR 2. Order and timing of CS & US affect the strength of conditioning –Most effective = present CS first and then introduce the US while CS is still evident... Called delayed conditioning (ex. Bell rung, while still ringing food is presented) A break of time in between CS and US weakens the response 3. Less effective methods... –a. trace conditioning Present CS, short break, present US –b. simultaneous conditioning CS & US at same time –c. backward conditioning – worst kind – doesn’t work US followed by CS

11. CC – Important Terms Acquisition – behavior is learned. CS produces CR without US Extinction – behavior is unlearned. CS no longer produces CR Spontaneous Recovery – acquisition, extinction and period of no training. CS briefly produces CR but response is weak and will disappear quickly unless repeated training/pairing.

13. CC – Important Terms Generalization – organism responds to stimuli similar to CS. i.e. a buzzer produces the CR Discrimination – the organism is trained to ONLY respond to the CS. Bell, food….buzzer, no food. Second/Higher Order Conditioning – once CS produces CR. It’s possible to use CS as a US to condition a new stimulus

14. CC – John Watson Baby Albert Experiment – conditioned fear (many phobias are the result of CC) –US – loud noise –UR – fear/cry –CS – white rat –CR – fear/cry

15. http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/08/e08expand.html

16. Aversive Conditioning Any time in CC that the response is undesirable –Garcia affect – taste aversion –Can be used to get you to stop an unhealthy behavior (nail biting, shock therapy)

17. Biology and CC Can animals be conditioned to do any response? –Equipotentiality – many behaviorists believed yes. All organisms have equal potential. –Instinctive Drift – research says equipotentiality is false. Animals will drift towards their natural instincts and cannot be conditioned to do things that go against their nature.

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU “The Office” CC clip

20. OPERANT CONDITIONING

21. Operant Conditioning Learning by association – associate a behavior with its consequences Edward Thorndike – predecessor –Law of effect – if consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus response connection is strengthened and the behavior increases. If consequence is unpleasant, the connection will weaken and behavior will decrease. Thorndike called this instrumental learning – the consequence is instrumental to you learning the behavior

22. Father of Operant Conditioning…. BF Skinner

23. Skinner Skinner created the Skinner box with pigeons Reinforcer = food; reinforcers are always positive consequences Punishment is always a negative consequence + addition, - subtraction

24. Reinforcements – makes behavior more likely + reinforcement: the addition of a desirable consequence; Johnny gets all As and his parents give him $100 - reinforcement: the subtraction of something unpleasant as a desirable consequence; Johnny gets all As and his parents say he doesn’t have to do his chores.

25. Punishments make behavior less likely Punishment: the addition of an unpleasant result; Johnny gets an F and gets a spanking or extra chores Omission Training: the removal of a pleasant stimulus; Johnny gets an F and loses his car privileges

26. OC Terms Escape Learning – terminating an aversive stimulus. Johnny comes to class and hears there is an exam and he asks to go to the clinic (- reinforcement) Avoidance Learning – enables one to avoid unpleasant stimulus all together. Johnny remembers there is a test and he skips school. (- reinforcement)

27. OC Terms Shaping – reinforcing gradual steps of improvement as one gets closer to desired behavior. Chaining – reinforcement after subject performs a series of behaviors. Little Johnny cleans his room, brushes his teeth, says his prayers and then gets a bed time story Premack Principle – what works as a reinforcer for one person may not work for another. If I don’t like chocolate, than a candy bar will not work as a reinforcer for me

28. OC Terms Acquisition – behavior learned. Rat presses lever to get food Extinction – behavior is unlearned. Rat no longer gets good and therefore stops pressing lever Generalization – do similar behavior to get reinforcer – rat presses other button hoping for food Discrimination – only get reinforcer for specific behavior

29. Types of Reinforcers Primary – innately rewarding – food, water, rest Secondary – things we learn to value – praise, games, material objects Generalized Reinforcer – can be traded in for something else – money –Token Economy – desired behavior gets tickets or tokens to be traded for reinforcers (arcade)

31. Reinforcement Schedules

32. 2 critical questions 1.) Do I know EXACTLY when the reinforcer is coming? –Yes = fixed –No = variable 2.) Is the reinforcer contingent on me completing a task? - Yes = Ration - No = Interval

33. 4 Schedules Fixed Ratio (FR) – I get a water break after running 5 suicides Variable Ratio (VR) – I’m going to play the slot machine and hope I win Fixed Interval (FI) – spring break is 4 weeks away Variable Interval (VI) – my car is in the shop and I am not sure when it will be ready

34. Variable schedules are more resistant to extinction that fixed schedules. Once an animal becomes accustomed to a fixed schedule, a break in the pattern will quickly lead to extinction When learning a behavior, continuous reinforcement is best. Once behavior learned, variable reinforcement is better. VR most resistant to extinction – why gambling is addictive

36. Observational Learning Social Modeling

37. Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

38. Observational Learning Modeling has two basic components – –Observation –Imitation –Kids who observed models play violently with the Bobo doll were more likely to interact violently with the Bobo doll themselves –We can model prosocial or antisocial behaviors –Do violent TV shows and video games make people more likely to act in violent ways???

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWsxfoJEwQQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWsxfoJEwQQ Bobo Doll footage

41. Other Types of learning Latent Learning – Edward Tolman – hidden learning Ex: rats and maze – they don’t show knowledge until there is an incentive Insight Learning – Wolfgang Kohler – when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem. The answer comes in a flash or insight. Ex: apes and bananas