2. C HAPTER 7: S TATES OF C ONSCIOUSNESS

3. 1. C ONSCIOUSNESS IS : A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. B) the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. C) the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

4. 2. U NLIKE THE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING OF INFORMATION, CONSCIOUS PROCESSING OCCURS : A) simultaneously. B) sequentially. C) relatively quickly. D) like running on auto pilot.

5. 3. D URING THE 60’ S, THE SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT TURNED MOST PSYCHOLOGISTS AWAY FROM STUDYING THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS WAS : A) psychoanalysis. B) functionalism. C) behaviorism. D) Gestalt psychology.

6. 4. A LTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS ARE PHYSIOLOGICALLY INDUCED, LIKE ___; AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY INDUCED, LIKE ___. A) hallucinations; meditation B) dreaming; hallucinations C) sensory deprivation; orgasm D) orgasm; oxygen deprivation

7. 5.A N EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION ABOUT WHY WE SLEEP WOULD BE TO : A) repair our brain. B) promote growth. C) keep us safe. D) help us to remember.

8. 6. B IOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT SYSTEMATICALLY VARY OVER A PERIOD OF 24 HOURS ARE CALLED : A) daily regimens. B) circadian rhythms. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) lunar cycles.

9. 7. A HORMONE MANUFACTURED BY THE PINEAL GLAND THAT PRODUCES SLEEPINESS IS : A) serotonin. B) melatonin. C) L-triptophan. D) dopamine.

10. 8. T HE RHYTHMIC BURSTS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY THAT OCCUR DURING S TAGE 2 SLEEP ARE CALLED : A) alpha waves. B) paradoxical sleep. C) sleep spindles. D) delta waves.

11. 9. S LEEP DEPRIVATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO : A) increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. B) reduce hypertension. C) enhance memory. D) diminish immunity to disease.

12. 10. W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS BAD ADVICE FOR A PERSON TRYING TO OVERCOME INSOMNIA ? A) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. B) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime. C) Avoid taking short naps during the day. D) Awaken at the same time every day even if you had a restless night.

13. 11. P EOPLE WHO ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO HYPNOSIS : A) have a weak will. B) have a great imagination. C) have to want to be hypnotized. D) have a short attention span.

14. 12. I N ONE STUDY, BOTH HYPNOTIZED AND NON - HYPNOTIZED SUBJECTS WERE TOLD TO THROW ACID IN A RESEARCH ASSISTANT ’ S FACE. I N THIS EXPERIMENT, HYPNOTIZED PEOPLE : A) usually refused to do it. B) behaved in the same fashion as non-hypnotized individuals. C) were influenced to act against their own will. D) experienced a heightened sense of personal responsibility for their actions.

15. 13. P OLICE C HIEF O LSON IS CONSIDERING USING A HYPNOTIST TO HELP AN EYE - WITNESS RECALL THE EVENTS OF A CRIME. T HE C HIEF NEEDS TO KNOW THAT : A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

16. 14. O NE PLAUSIBLE THEORY SUGGESTS THAT HYPNOSIS RELIEVES PAIN BY : A) distracting attention. B) blocking sensory input. C) eliciting a deep, REM-like state. D) “fooling” the subject to believe there is no pain.

17. 15. W HEN HYPNOSIS INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR AFTER THE HYPNOTIC STATE, THE SUBJECT WAS GIVEN A : A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) hypnotic command. C) command suggestion. D) posthypnotic suggestion.

18. 16. T WO FACTORS INVOLVED IN DETERMINING PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE ARE : A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psycho-activity and abuse.

19. 17. T HE NEED TO TAKE LARGER AND LARGER DOSES OF A DRUG IN ORDER TO EXPERIENCE ITS EFFECTS IS AN INDICATION OF : A) withdrawal. B) dissociation. C) resistance. D) tolerance.

20. 18. R EPEATED USE OF AN OPIATE : A) decreases the brain’s reproduction of endorphins. B) increases heart and breathing rates. C) does not seem to be followed by serious withdrawal symptoms. D) triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.

21. 19. T HE DRUG E CSTASY HAS THE DANGEROUS SIDE - EFFECT OF : A) causing dehydration, overheating, increased blood pressure, death. B) increasing the risk of chronic depression. C) impairing memory. D) all of the above.

22. 20. W HEN COCAINE IS SNORTED, FREE - BASED, OR INJECTED, IT PRODUCES A RUSH OF EUPHORIA. A S SOMEONE COMES OFF THIS “ HIGH ”, THE END RESULT IS A DEPRESSIVE CRASH CAUSED BY : A) depletion of dopamine. B) depletion of norepinephrine. C) depletion of serotonin. D) all of the above.

23. 21. A FTER INGESTING A SMALL DOSE OF A DRUG, J EN EXPERIENCED VIVID VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS AND FELT AS IF SHE WERE SEPARATED FROM HER OWN BODY. S HE MOST LIKELY EXPERIENCED THE EFFECTS OF : A) cocaine. B) LSD. C) heroin. D) marijuana.

24. 22. W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN AMPHETAMINE THAT ACTS AS A MILD HALLUCINOGEN ? A) Marijuana B) Nembutal C) Ecstasy D) LSD

25. 23. A CCORDING TO E RNEST H ILGARD ’ S THEORY OF HYPNOSIS :. A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration.

26. 24: N EAR - DEATH EXPERIENCES ARE : A) typically recalled as very scary and unpleasant. B) quite similar to drug-induced hallucinogenic experiences. C) recalled by nearly all who have been revived from cardiac arrest. D) scientific proof that we all should “go to the light.”

27. 25. T HE BEST INDICATION THAT DREAMING SERVES A NECESSARY BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IS PROVIDED BY THE FACT THAT : A) most dreams are psychologically meaningless. B) the disruption of REM sleep leads to narcolepsy. C) most mammals experience REM rebound. D) sexual tension is naturally discharged during REM sleep.

29. A NSWERS : S TATES OF C ONSCIOUSNESS 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.B 22.C 23.B 24.B 25.C