2. Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

3. Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations Tick Tock Sleep Tight You’re So Dreamy Watch the Watch Psychedelic!

4. 100 200 300 400 500 Tick-Tock

5. 100 200 300 400 500 Sleep Tight

6. 100 200 300 400 500 You’re So Dreamy!

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Watch the Watch

8. 100 200 300 400 500 Psychedelic!

9. 1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: A) daily regimens. B) lunar cycles. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) circadian rhythms. A) daily regimens. B) lunar cycles. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) circadian rhythms.

10. 2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. A) Serotonin B) Melatonin C) L-tryptophan D) Dopamine A) Serotonin B) Melatonin C) L-tryptophan D) Dopamine

11. 3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland. A) parietal lobe B) optic chiasm C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) amygdala A) parietal lobe B) optic chiasm C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) amygdala

12. 4.Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called: A) free-running conditions. B) sleep chambers. C) circadian neutralizers. D) dream catchers. A) free-running conditions. B) sleep chambers. C) circadian neutralizers. D) dream catchers.

13. 5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is: A) increased sleepiness. B) insomnia. C) a 25-hour cycle. D) no change at all; the body maintains its normal rhythm. A) increased sleepiness. B) insomnia. C) a 25-hour cycle. D) no change at all; the body maintains its normal rhythm.

14. 6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. A) NREM B) REM C) REO D) DEEP A) NREM B) REM C) REO D) DEEP

15. 7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because: A) dreams can be good or bad. B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active. A) dreams can be good or bad. B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active.

16. 8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___. A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 B) dream spikes; REM sleep C) sleep spindles; REM sleep D) delta waves; Stage 4 A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 B) dream spikes; REM sleep C) sleep spindles; REM sleep D) delta waves; Stage 4

17. 9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience___ the first time they are allowed to sleep uninterrupted. A) insomnia B) hallucinations C) REM rebound D) sleep apnea A) insomnia B) hallucinations C) REM rebound D) sleep apnea

18. 10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors. A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors.

19. 11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated. A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland

20. 12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5: A) don’t dream. B) dream just as we do. C) dream but not as vivid. D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch. A) don’t dream. B) dream just as we do. C) dream but not as vivid. D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch.

21. 13. According to Freud, dreams have two components: the actual dream and the ____. A) analytic interpretation B) latent content C) metaphorical meaning D) symbolic representation A) analytic interpretation B) latent content C) metaphorical meaning D) symbolic representation

22. 14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is: A) the latent content model. B) the activation-synthesis model. C) the base-interpretive model. D) the bottom-up, top-down model. A) the latent content model. B) the activation-synthesis model. C) the base-interpretive model. D) the bottom-up, top-down model.

23. 15. Researchers have found that when people dream: A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and-white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and-white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling.

24. 16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis: A) have a weak will. B) are less intelligent than average. C) like reading fiction. D) are usually not children. A) have a weak will. B) are less intelligent than average. C) like reading fiction. D) are usually not children.

25. 17. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given: A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion. A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

26. 18. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that: A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph. A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

27. 19. Two general types of meditation involve: A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques. A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques.

28. 20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis: A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration. A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration.

29. 21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse. A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse.

30. 22. Often withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drug’s action, and are called: A) paradoxical symptoms. B) DT’s. C) drug rebound. D) addiction overload. A) paradoxical symptoms. B) DT’s. C) drug rebound. D) addiction overload.

31. 23. Addictive drugs have two things in common: they activate the brain’s reward system and increase ____. A) brain activity. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) heart rate and respiration. A) brain activity. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) heart rate and respiration.

32. 24: Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called: A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis. A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis.

33. 25. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: A) nicotine. B) caffeine. C) alcohol. D) marijuana. A) nicotine. B) caffeine. C) alcohol. D) marijuana.

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: A) daily regimens. B) lunar cycles. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) circadian rhythms. A) daily regimens. B) lunar cycles. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) circadian rhythms. 130

37. 2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. A) Serotonin B) Melatonin C) L-tryptophan D) Dopamine A) Serotonin B) Melatonin C) L-tryptophan D) Dopamine 131

38. 3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland. A) parietal lobe B) optic chiasm C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) amygdala A) parietal lobe B) optic chiasm C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) amygdala 131

39. 4.Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called: A) free-running conditions. B) sleep chambers. C) circadian neutralizers. D) dream catchers. A) free-running conditions. B) sleep chambers. C) circadian neutralizers. D) dream catchers. 131

40. 5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is: A) increased sleepiness. B) insomnia. C) a 25-hour cycle. D) no change at all, the body maintains its normal rhythm. A) increased sleepiness. B) insomnia. C) a 25-hour cycle. D) no change at all, the body maintains its normal rhythm. 132

41. 6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. A) NREM B) REM C) REO D) DEEP A) NREM B) REM C) REO D) DEEP 133

42. 7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because: A) dreams can be good or bad. B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active. A) dreams can be good or bad. B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active. 136

43. 8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___. A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 B) dream spikes; REM sleep C) sleep spindles; REM sleep D) delta waves; Stage 4 A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 B) dream spikes; REM sleep C) sleep spindles; REM sleep D) delta waves; Stage 4 135

44. 9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience ____ the first time they are allowed to sleep interrupted. A) insomnia B) hallucinations C) REM rebound D) sleep apnea A) insomnia B) hallucinations C) REM rebound D) sleep apnea 138

45. 10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors. A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors. 142

46. 11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated. A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland 144

47. 12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5: A) don’t dream. B) dream just as we do. C) dream but not as vivid. D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch. A) don’t dream. B) dream just as we do. C) dream but not as vivid. D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch. 146

48. 13. According to Freud, dreams have two components, the actual dream and the ____. A) analytic interpretation B) latent content C) metaphorical meaning D) symbolic representation A) analytic interpretation B) latent content C) metaphorical meaning D) symbolic representation 148

49. 14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is: A) the latent content model. B) the activation-synthesis model. C) the base-interpretive model. D) the bottom-up, top-down model. A) the latent content model. B) the activation-synthesis model. C) the base-interpretive model. D) the bottom-up, top-down model. 148

50. 15. Researchers have found that when people dream: A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and-white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and-white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. 146

51. 16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis: A) have a weak will. B) are less intelligent than average. C) like reading fiction. D) are usually not children. A) have a weak will. B) are less intelligent than average. C) like reading fiction. D) are usually not children. 150

52. 17. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given: A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion. A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion. 151

53. 18. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that: A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph. A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph. 151

54. 19. Two general types of meditation involve: A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques. A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques. 154

55. 20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis: A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration. A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration. 154

56. 21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse. A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse. 156

57. 22. Often withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drug’s action, and are called: A) paradoxical symptoms. B) DT’s. C) drug rebound. D) addiction overload. A) paradoxical symptoms. B) DT’s. C) drug rebound. D) addiction overload. 156

58. 23. Addictive drugs have two things in common: they activate the brain’s reward system and increase ____. A) brain activity. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) heart rate and respiration. A) brain activity. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) heart rate and respiration. 158

59. 24: Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called: A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis. A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis. 164

60. 25. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: A) nicotine. B) caffeine. C) alcohol. D) marijuana. A) nicotine. B) caffeine. C) alcohol. D) marijuana. 161

61. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007

62. Answers—Chapter 4 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.D 20.B 21.A 22.C 23.C 24.D 25.B