1. Nigeria

2. Basic Knowledge of Nigeria ❖ Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa ➢ Bordered by Benin, Cameroon and Chad ❖ Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa (130 million people) ❖ Nigeria is also one of the most urbanized countries in Africa

3. Ethnic Makeup in Nigeria ❖ Nigeria is the most diverse African country with 350 ethnic groups. The 3 most populous are ➢ The Hausa Fulani ➢ Igbo ➢ Yoruba ❖ Nigeria’s ethnic groups by demographic are divided in 6 areas ➢ The Northwest ➢ The Northeast ➢ The Middle Belt ➢ The Southwest ➢ The Southeast

4. The Hausa Fulani ❖ Largest ethnic group ❖ Originally two ethnic groups (The Hausa and the Fulani), but merged overtime ❖ Mostly practice Islam ➢ Islam is considered to be the backbone of the ethnic group ❖ Mostly located in the Northern Region of Nigeria

6. The Yoruba ❖ Located in the Southwestern Region ❖ Did not side with one religion ➢ Practiced a mix of Islam, Christianity and indigenous religious traditions ❖ Considered to be the most modern ethnic group b/c of their blend of religions

7. The Igbo ❖ Located in the Southeastern Region of Nigeria ❖ Mostly practiced Christianity

8. British Colonialism in Nigeria ❖ The British colonized Nigeria from 1900 - 1960 ❖ During the colonial period, European colonial powers remade Nigerian and the borders of neighboring countries, (The Carving of Africa); causing ethnic and religious strife ❖ The British also established indirect control of Nigeria (especially after the 1st and 2nd world War) ➢ This was done by placing British educated leaders in Nigeria who would uphold the British colonial agenda ➢ After the 2nd WW, Great Britain's control over Nigeria and other British colonial possessions lessened

9. Nigeria’s First Republic ❖ In 1960, Nigeria declares independence from Great Britain ➢ issues arise over who would run the government in the post-colonial period ❖ As a result of the population imbalance, The Hausa-Fulani come into power ➢ sparks resistance in the southern region ❖ Nigeria adopts the parliamentary government system ❖ Niambi Azikiwe becomes the 1st president of Nigeria ❖ Abubakar Tafawa Balewa becomes the 1st and only prime minister

10. Biafran Secession and Civil War ❖ Many Nigerians, predominantly Nigerians living in the southern region of Nigeria felt that they were under represented in the government ➢ As a result, riots and protests ensue and the Prime minister, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is assassinated by Igbo rebels (1966) ➢ After the assassination, members of the Hausa-Fulani attack Igbos living in the northern region of Nigeria ➢ As a result of the attacks, a region of southern Nigeria, Biafra succeeds from Nigeria ■ This does not go well with the central government and the government restricts food and resources to the state until Biafra returns to the union

11. Examination of Political Economy and Development GDP increasing by around 7%; it was 6.3% in 2014 which is equal $568.5 billion The non-oil sector has been the main driver of growth, with services contributing about 57%, while manufacturing and agriculture, respectively contributed about 9% and 21%. Largest economy in Africa Corruption

12. Development in Nigeria Violence and a huge wealth gap between the rich and poor Over 80% of Nigerians live on less than $2 a day most of the wealth goes to the small urban class

13. Welfare The country still have problems with: Electricity, water, health

14. Solution Confucianism: High moral/ethical conduct, loyalty, reciprocal obligations, honesty. Invest in other resources of the country

15. Governance and Policy-Making ★ National Question and Constitutional Governance. ● Independent Oct. 1, 1960-1963. ● National Question. ● President Obasanjo’s third-rerm gambit. ★ Federalism and State Structure. ● Nigeria’s First Republic. ● Second Republic 1979. ● Domination of federal government 1960-1999 by Northern Nigerians. ● The 2009-10 Crisis: Umaru Yar’ Adua’s and Johnathan. ● Positive contribution to governance.

16. ★ Executive under Military Rule. ● Seven military heads of state. ★ Semipublic Institutions. ● Parastatals. ★ Prebendalism. ★ State and Local Judiciaries. ● State level judiciaries. ● Islamic shari’a law. ● Olusegun Obasanjo “fad.” ★ The Policy-Making Process. ● “Loyalty pyramid.”

17. Political Representation Federal republic with presidential system, a multiparty democracy since 1999 Government structure modeled after that of the U.S. Separation of powers Bicameral legislature - the National Assembly: 109 Senators, 360 Representatives; 4-year terms Democratically elected president, who picks Cabinet members from all 36 states President appoints Supreme Court justices; judicial branch also includes Court of Appeals, High Court, and other state-level courts (customary, sharia, etc.) Each state has an elected governor and House of Assembly Further divided into 774 local government regions

18. Political Participation Universal suffrage; voting age is 18 Elections determined by a plurality of votes Independent National Electoral Commission has been criticized for lack of transparency 43.65% of registered voters voted in this year’s elections Political apathy and electoral violence are major problems Women are underrepresented in politics Few Nigerians trust their political leaders

19. Political Parties and Interest Groups Nigeria has 29 registered parties The largest two are the All Progressives Congress (APC) (formed as a coalition of three opposition parties) and the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) Both are socially conservative; APC has more progressive economic policies Interest groups have existed in Nigeria since before it became a democracy Include trade unions, professional groups, human rights groups, etc.

20. Pre-Colonization Before “Nigeria” Human existence was believed to begin in Africa → We are all African 11th Century onward, several kingdoms and dynasties spread out and inhabited the region Between the 1500s and 1700s, several hundreds of thousands of people were taken from their homelands and transported to the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean → Very profitable for the Europeans

21. Colonization and Independence 1830s - Civil War broke out among several groups over control of the slave trade 1850s - British began taking control over different regions on the modern day Nigeria 1914 - British fully colonized and set the boundaries of “Nigeria” 1922-1959 - Struggle for Freedom To ease this, British allowed several constitutions to be written, but these still limited Nigeria's input in the way they were governed → Continued discrimination 1960 - Nigeria gains independence

22. Nigerian Politics in Transition Established first government as parliamentary system 1966-1979 - Civilian Governance overthrown in the country’s first military coup Adopted a Presidential system 1983-1993 - Country’s second military coup 1998-1999 - Third military coup designed to bring the country back from the brink of collapsing

23. Nigerian Politics in Transition Power restored in civilian government, but continue to face huge social issues and corruption Former President Jonathan stole $20 billion from oil revenue Boko Haram - Regional terrorist group with ties to ISIS Massive wage disparities

24. Nigeria’s Foreign Relations ● Relations with other African nations ○ Founding country of the OAU ○ Supporter of African freedom and decolonization ○ Supported South African efforts to end apartheid ○ Financially supported multiple African nations during decolonization efforts ○ Founder of OAU (Organisation of African Unity, now African Union) ● Relations outside of Africa ○ Relations with major powers generally favorable to neutral ○ Remained uninvolved during the Gulf War

25. Nigeria’s Trade Nigeria’s exports Almost entirely devoted to petroleum products (95%) Current member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Nigeria’s biggest export partners include India, Brazil, and the Netherlands other export commodities include cocoa, rubber, and yams. Nigeria’s imports Majority of imports consist of machinery, chemicals, transportation equipment, and food. Major partners include China, The U.S. and India China dominated the Nigerian market, with 25.3% of imports coming from China

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27. Sources "Nigeria Profile - Timeline." BBC News. N.p., 12 June 2015. Web..www.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13951696 "Nigeria - The Yoruba Wars." Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.. Okeke, Vincent Onyekwelu Sunday. "Pressure Groups and Policy Process in Nigeria: A Case of Fourth Republic." Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Science 3.2 (2014): 15-24. GARJ. Global Advanced Research Journals, 21 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. "Political Parties." INEC Nigeria. INEC, 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015..http://www.inecnigeria.org/?page_id=18 "Please Don't Expect Miracles." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 11 Apr. 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.. "Voter Turnout Data for Nigeria." IDEA. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2015. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.. "AU in a Nutshell." African Union. African Union, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.. "Member Countries." OPEC. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.. "Nigeria - FOREIGN RELATIONS." Nigeria - FOREIGN RELATIONS. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015.. "Nigeria." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015..

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