1. Pressure and Density and the Temperature Distribution Met 10

2. Introduction –Temperature, density and pressure are some of the most important variables in meteorology –Knowing all of these quantities at all times and places would make understanding and forecasting weather events much easier –Linked together via the gas law pV = nRT –Pressure differences cause winds, which are caused by the uneven heating at the surface!!!! –So, the uneven heating of the surface causes the weather!

3. Pressure -Gravity causes the atmosphere to exert a downward force on the surface. -Simply put, it’s the weight of air above you. -Pressure falls off rapidly w/ height, so it doesn’t take long until air is very thin. -E.g. What’s the pressure in Lake Tahoe and Death Valley?? Look at a place’s elevation. -Pressure does not change as much in the horizontal -However, these changes are the high and low-pressure systems that may bring certain types of weather events -So these are most important to meteorologists -It’s the pressure differences we care about, since these are what cause winds!

4. Pressure is commonly measured using a Barometer.

5. Pressure extremes

6. Density -# of air molecules per volume -Physically, it is mass per unit volume -E.g. population density -Density falls off rapidly w/ height, so it doesn’t take long until air is very thin.

7. Vertical structure of pressure and density

8. Pressure changes with height

9. Temperature  Definition: Averagre speed of molecules  Faster speed is synonymous with warmer temperatures, and vice versa.  Can also be thought of as energy. –Hotter objects have more energy associated. –Colder “ less energy” E.g. Warmer areas are areas of more energy.  Changes in temperature/energy can lead to changes in pressure and volume, via the gas law. pV=nRT

10. Temperature Scales Fahrenheit: created 18 th century physicist freezing point of water = 32° Boiling point = 212° 0° is the lowest temperature he could reach using Salt, Ice and Water F = 9/5C + 32 Celsius: Used worldwide Made 0° the freezing point 100 ° boiling point C = 5/9(F - 32) Kelvin: Absolute temperature scale At 0 K, all molecular movement stops! K = C + 273.15 °

11. Thermometers  Thermometers work because substances (like mercury) expand and contract with changes in temperature.  Warmer temperature, fluid expands  Colder temperature, fluid contricts  Mercury not used much anymore

12. Three temperature scales: KelvinKelvin CelsiusCelsius FahrenheitFahrenheit What does temperature mean physically?What does temperature mean physically? What does 0 K mean?What does 0 K mean?

13. Vertical temperature structure 4 levels –troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere we look mostly at the troposphere, where weather happens –80% of all mass, nearly all vapor, clouds/precipitation a little at the stratosphere, where ozone is at max and explains warming in stratosphere –In stratosphere: Ozone layer: O 3 absorbs solar energy and waves. –lapse rate: How temperature changes with height Not constant in the atmosphere Typically, it cools 3 - 5 degrees per 1000 ft Depends on how much moisture is in the air

16. Climatological temperature variability: Latitudinal A place’s climate depends on it’s latitude –What’s latitude? –Poles, mid-latitudes, tropics? Polar/high latitudes: 60-90º Mid-latitudes: 30-60º Tropical/low latitudes: 0-30º The temperature differences (gradient) between poles and equator are twice as large in their winter season. –This causes mid-latitude weather systems like cold/warm fronts and high and low-pressure areas

19. Precipitation Types Rain Snow Sleet Hail Feezing Rain