2. the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place depends on: amount of cloudstemperature air pressurewind amount of moisture

3. A thick blanket of gases surrounding the Earth composed of AIR (a mixture of gases)

5. Nitrogen (N) 78% Oxygen (O)21% Also, Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), H 2 O Vapor, and Argon (Ar) in small amounts

7. Troposphere: layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth  10km above the earth  where weather happens  temperature decreases with height

8. 3 oxygen atoms bonded together O is an atom of Oxygen (O) O 2 is atmospheric Oxygen (O-O) O 3 is ozone (O-O-O)

9. Absorbs 99% of harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun ozone layer is about 10 to 20 km thick thinning is the result of chloroflorocarbons (CFC’s) containing chlorine, fluorine, and carbon

10. Stratosphere: second layer of the atmosphere  10-50 km above earth surface  where the 90% ozone layer is  temperature increases with height  where airplanes fly (on edge of troposphere)  weather balloons found here

11. Mesosphere: third layer of the atmosphere (50-85 km)  “meso” means “middle”  where meteors burn up (shooting stars)  temperature decreases with height

12. Thermosphere: outmost layer of the atmosphere (85-500km)  As height increases, temperature increases  named for its high temp – but you would not feel heat b/c there are so few gas particles due to vacuum (or thin air).  thickest layer  where auroras happen  consists of 2 parts: Ionosphere & Exosphere

14. pressure that the air exerts on the Earth directed equally in all directions

15. differences in air pressure causes the Earth’s winds and weather changes air pressure is affected by: temperature water vapor elevation

16. instrument used to measure air pressure air pressure is reported as: 1.height of mercury column in barometer 2..001 of standard sea level a.p.

17. two types: mercury aneroid

18. lines that join points on a map having the same air pressure

19. falling barometer: warmer weather, humid (rain, snow) rising barometer: cooler weather, drier

20. Almost all of the Earth’s energy comes from the sun and is called radiant energy most reaches the atmosphere and is reflected back to space

21. Some is absorbed by the Earth and is spread throughout the atmosphere as: Radiation: transfer of energy in form of waves

22. conduction: direct transfer of energy from one substance to another Ex. Bare feet on hot sand

23. convection: transfer of energy in a fluid air is a fluid- hot air rises, cool air sinks

25. As much energy leaves the Earth that comes in ---> Earth’s heat is balanced. greenhouse effect: trapping of the sun’s energy by the Earth

26. caused by the burning of fossil fuels- coal, oil, and natural gas- adds CO 2 into air warming effect may melt glaciers and raise sea levels

27. Houston on a smoggy day (left) and a clear day (right).

29. All winds result from an uneven heating of the atmosphere movement of air two types: (1) local winds

30. Flow of cool air from water to land during the day wind

31. Flow of cool air from land to water at night wind

33. monsoons: major seasonal land and sea breeze most of the year, wind blows from land to sea (dry) part of year, wind blows from sea to land (brings warm, moist air)

34. jet stream: narrow belt of strong, high speed air height about 10 to 15 km above N. and S. Hemispheres closely related to weather (2) global winds

35. http://www.weatherimages.com/data/imag192.html (current position)

36. Coriolis effect: deflection of wind and ocean currents caused by the Earth’s rotation Winds in N. Hemisphere flow to the right Winds in S. Hemisphere flow to the left

37. anemometer: instrument that measures wind speed

38. wind vane: measures wind direction

39. *always points into the wind wind This is an easterly wind because it is blowing from the east

41. a measure of the energy in molecules the more energy the molecules have, the hotter it feels

42. isotherm: lines on a map that connect places that have the same temperature

43. thermometer: instrument that measures temperature alcohol and mercury thermometers used (mercury more accurate)

44. water freezes at: 0ºC or 32 ºF water boils at: 100ºC or 212ºF