1. History 398 Fall 2004 History 398 Lecture 3 Power Machinery An Industrial Revolution in the late Middle Ages? Textiles, the Prototype of Mechanized Industry Traditional Technics of Domestic Textile Production The Mechanization of Spinning The Mechanization of Weaving

2. History 398 Fall 2004 An Industrial Revolution in the Later Middle Ages? Mills in urban settings, often grouped together Mills serving purposes other than grinding Combinations of mills, but no record of compound mills, i.e. powering several stones or tools by a single central source Yet, either isolated, unique, or small-scale IR about power machinery of new sort, combined with new source of power. Historically, result of new attitude toward machines which arose in Renaissance.

3. History 398 Fall 2004

4. Roman Mills at Barbigal, ~300 (reconstruction

6. History 398 Fall 2004

8. Centrality of Human Skills Thumb and forefinger Twisting, drawing, and winding Shuttle and batten Selection of pattern 1760-1820 all mechanized –emulation of human action –mechanical reparsing of task

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11. The Mechanization of Spinning James Hargreaves: jenny 1764 Richard Arkwright: (water)frame 1769 Samuel Crompton: mule (= jenny + frame) 1778 Effects

12. History 398 Fall 2004

14. Cotton Calico English Imported 1775 56,8142,111,439 17801,143,0431,071,775 1783 3,578,590 770,992

15. History 398 Fall 2004 Price of #100 yarn (185 yds/oz) 178636s 179030s 179216s 1801 8s 9d 1807 6s 9d 1833 4s 9d (here stabilized)

16. History 398 Fall 2004 The Mechanization of Weaving Power loom –Edmund Cartwright (1786-88)

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18. Power Looms in Manchester, Stockport 1818, 2000 1821, 5733 1825, 20,000 in Manchester alone

19. History 398 Fall 2004 Number of Power Looms 1803182018291833 England12,15045,500 85,000 Scotland 2,00010,000 15,000 Total 2,40014,15055,550 100,000

20. History 398 Fall 2004 Muslin weavers of Bolton received for 24 yds 1793 £4 179727s 180718 1817 9 1827 66d

21. History 398 Fall 2004 The Mechanization of Weaving Power loom –Edmund Cartwright (1786-88) Automatic pattern selection –Joseph-Marie Jacquard (~1804)

22. History 398 Fall 2004