2. Unit 3 Chapter 6 Infancy

3. STAGES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT ERIKSON & PIAGET

4. Erikson and PiagetErikson and Piaget  Erikson Infancy is psychosocial stage of TRUST VS. MISTRUST – what does that mean?

5.  Infants are born totally dependent on their caregivers  They MUST receive appropriate and consistent care in order to develop a sense of security  Infants whose needs are met consistently in a warm and nurturing manner learn that the world is a safe place and people are dependable = trust  Trust helps babies develop positive emotional bonds and attachments  What happens when babies don’t receive appropriate and consistent care?

6. Piaget  SENSORIMOTOR STAGE- Birth to 2 years  Infant goes from having mostly random reflex actions to goal-directed behavior  Birth to 1 month of age-Reflex activity  reflexes present at birth are the basic building blocks for intelligent behavior  Ex. – touch a baby on the cheek and the baby will turn toward the touch with an open mouth

7.  1 to 4 months of age- Primary circular reactions - baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results  Example – baby learns that sucking brings comfort

8.  8-12 months of age- Coordination of secondary schemes – baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal Baby begins to problem solve Development of object permanence

9. Assessing DevelopmentAssessing Development  ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT-Human service professionals need to:  Contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of “typical” children of that age  Infants may need developmental assessment if they fail to demonstrate a skill at an age when 90% of babies can perform that skill  How do parents find that out?

10. FAILURE TO THRIVEFAILURE TO THRIVE  Weight and age are compared to see if a child falls below the 5 th percentile for their age  MANY reasons for FTT – any guesses?

11.  Organic FTT – underlying medical condition  Nonorganic FTT – no medical cause can be found

12. Categorization  Typical part of development  Process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experiences  Infants as young as 6 or 7 months have demonstrated this ability

13. SPEECH & LANGUAGEDEVELOPMENT

14. Developmental Milestones for Speech & Language  Coos 2 – 3 months  Babbles 3 – 6 months  Says “mama” and “dada” 9 – 17 months  Uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” 12 – 15 months  Uses many words and can point to body parts 15 – 18 months  Uses 2-3 word sentences 20 – 24 months  Refers to self by own name 24+ months

15. True or False????True or False????  Using “baby talk” delays a child’s language development

16. FALSE!!  According to research by Anne Fernald, a leading researcher in infant-directed speech, babies prefer baby talk.  The “sing-song” quality may be what engages babies’ attention – as babies prefer high-pitched sounds (think about how adults talk to babies)  Fernald’s research has shown that baby talk is important for normal infant development.

17. ATTTACHMENT

18.  LOTS of research on this topic!  Early theories held that attachment was the result of needs satisfaction  Monkey study by Harlow failed to support that theory Wire “mom” that fed baby monkeys vs. cloth “mom” - showed no preference to the wire mom  Today, it is believed that, according to John Bowlby, attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis  Babies form close, intimate relationships with a caregiver to ensure its survival  Theory suggests that parents and infants may be biologically programmed to form an attachment

19. Social ReferencingSocial Referencing  In new settings, infants will look to caregiver for guidance on how to interpret the situation  This social referencing helps infants determine whether novel situation is safe or frightening

20. Strange Situation ProcedureStrange Situation Procedure  Developed by American Developmental Psychologist Mary Ainsworth  Infant uses primary caregiver as a secure base – leaves the caregiver to explore – returns for comfort and security  Playroom experiment  Led to classification of attachment

21. Attachment DisordersAttachment Disorders  SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT DISORDERS  Failure to reestablish interaction after separations  Excessive dependency/inability to seek and use presence of attachment figure  Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill  Very common with children in the child welfare system

22. Impact of Mother’s Emotional State on Attachment  Emotional state experienced by mothers can greatly impact attachment pattern of their infant  Mothers who display symptoms of stress/anxiety from post partum depression tend to have infants who develop Insecure-ambivalent attachment

23. INFANT TEMPERAMENTINFANT TEMPERAMENT

24. Three Types of TemperamentThree Types of Temperament  EASY CHILD  SLOW TO WARM UP  DIFFICULT CHILD  EASY CHILD—regular positive responses to new stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or moderately intense mood-40 % are classified as Easy Child

25. Three Types of Temperament (cont.)Three Types of Temperament (cont.)  SLOW TO WARM UP—more sedate, less exuberant orientation to the world, negative responses, and slower adaptation-15 % are classified as Slow to Warm Up  DIFFICULT CHILD-unpredictable daily habits, negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative mood  70 % of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment in later life, while only 18 % of easy infants did

26. HEALTH RISKS OF INFANTS & HEALTH RISKS OF INFANTS & ABUSE ABUSE

27. Health Risks of InfantsHealth Risks of Infants  EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE  Can increase risk of respiratory problems  Places infants at higher risk for pneumonia and bronchitis  LEAD-Infants can ingest lead by:  Drinking water  Household dust  Eating paint chips

28. Health Risks of Infants (cont.)Health Risks of Infants (cont.)  SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)  Most common cause of death in the first year of life-results in approximately 7,000 deaths per year  SIDS death and death from suffocation CANNOT be distinguished with an autopsy  Back to Sleep Campaign  Initiated by National Institute of Child Health in October 2002  Encouraged parents to put babies to sleep on their backs

29. Abuse  1/3 of all child abuse victims are less than 1 year old  Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves

30. LOW INCOME FAMILIES/ AT RISK PARENTS

31. Low Income FamiliesLow Income Families  Infants in poor families are more likely to have an increased number of injuries and health problems  WIC  Federally funded program  Provides source of supplemental nutrition for low income women and children up to age 5

32. At Risk ParentsAt Risk Parents  PARENTS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS  Children whose parents have a mental illness- increased risk of developing mental illness themselves because of:  The parent’s behavior  Genetics  TEEN PARENTS  More prone to depression when compared to adults

33. ADOPTION

34. Facts About AdoptionFacts About Adoption  According to David Brodzinsky (Rutgers University), the majority of adopted children DO NOT have major psychological issues  The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on the following:  Race  Color  National Origin

35. Questions????

36. Unit 3 Quiz Review  Study this review BEFORE you take the quiz for unit 3!  Print the slides and keep them handy WHILE you take the quiz for unit 3!  If you do this, you WILL get 100% :) Yay you!

37. 1.) According to Erikson, infancy is the psychosocial stage of ____. *trust vs. mistrust b. initiative vs. guilt c. identity vs. identity confusion d. generosity vs. self- absorption

38. 2.) In order to make an accurate assessment of developmental problems, human service professionals should be able to _____. *contrast a child ’ s current level of functioning with what is expected of normal children that age b.identify the role of infant brain development c.follow the immunization schedule for infants d.understand the sequence of development for children from other developed nations

39. 3.) Resulting in approximately 7,000 deaths each year, the most common cause of death in the first year of life is _____. a.diphtheria b.whooping cough c. upper respiratory infections *sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

40. 4.) In October 2002, the National Institute of Child Health initiated the Back to Sleep Campaign which encouraged parents to _____. a.have their children immunized b.assess their infant for developmental delays c.recognize infant sleeping patterns *recognize that babies are safest when they sleep on their backs

41. 5.) E xposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of respiratory problems for infants, placing them at higher risk for pneumonia and bronchitis. *True  False

42. 6.) Piaget ’ s theory of cognitive development classifies the period from birth to age two as the sensorimotor stage. Which of the following statements is not true regarding this stage?  From birth to one month of age, reflexes present at birth are the basic building blocks for intelligent behavior.  Between one and four months of age, the baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results. This is called primary circular reactions.  During the coordination of secondary schemes (8 to 12 months), the baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal. *Around 12 to 18 months, babies make a transition from being action oriented to being symbol oriented and representational thought begins.

43. 7.) Categorization is the process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experience. Research has shown that infants as young as eight or nine months display this ability.  True *False

44. 8.) Which of the following best reflects the developmental milestones for speech and language?  Babbling, cooing, holophrastic speech, and then telegraphic speech  Using vowel-consonant combinations, using vowels alone, saying “ mama ” and “ dada ” and then using two to three word sentences *Coos, babbles, says “ mama ” and “ dada ” uses 2-3 words besides “ mama ” and “ dada ” uses many words and can point to body parts, uses 2-3 word sentences, refers to self by own name  Cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech, and then holophrastic speech

45. 9.) Using baby talk will delay language development.  True *False

46. 10.) Research on infant temperament typically uses three classifications: easy child, slow to warm up child, and difficult child. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research on these temperaments?  Approximately 40% of children are classified as easy.  70% of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment later in life, but only 18% of easy infants did so.  15% of infants studied fall into the category of slow to warm up. *All of the above

47. 11.) The emotional states experienced by mothers can greatly influence the attachment pattern of their infant. For instance, mothers who display symptoms of anxiety and stress in response to post partum depression tend to have infants who develop ________. *insecure-ambivalent attachment  insecure-secure attachment  insecure-avoidant attachment  insecure-reserved attachment

48. 12.) Which one of the following examples is a sign of attachment disorder?  Failure to reestablish interaction after separations  Excessive dependence or inability to seek and use supportive presence of attachment figure when needed  Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill *All of the above

49. 13.)When infants are in new settings, they will look to the caregiver for guidance in how to interpret the situation. In other words, ___________ helps infants to receive vital information from their parent about whether the novel situation is safe or frightening.  separation individuation *social referencing  parallel play  cross-modal transfer

50. 14).In order to assess whether a child has failed to thrive, practitioners compare weight and age to identify whether a child has fallen below the _____ for their age. *5 th percentile  2 nd percentile  4 th percentile  none of the above

51. 15.The Strange Situation Procedure was developed by an American Developmental Psychologist _____. *Mary Ainsworth  Susan Mahler  John Bowlby  Jane Curroseau

52. 16.) Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves. *True False

53. 17.) The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on _____.  race  color  national origin *all of the above

54. 18.) According to David Brodzinsky at Rutgers University, the majority of adopted children have major psychological issues. True *False

55. 19.)Infants in poor families are more likely to have _____.  nurturing parents  a regular routine *more injuries and health problems  adequate nutrition

56. 20).The federally funded program that provides a source of supplemental nutrition for low income pregnant women and their children up to the age of 5 is called _____.  Head Start *WIC  Medicaid  none of the above

57. 21.) _____ of the child victims of abuse are less than 1 year old.  1/2  1/4  3/4 *1/3

58. 22.) SIDS death and death from suffocation can be distinguished by autopsy.  True *False

59. 23.) Infants can ingest lead by _____.  drinking water  household dust  eating paint chips *all of the above

60. 24.) Children whose parents have a mental illness are more at risk of developing mental illness themselves because of _____.  poverty  the parents ’ behavior  genetics *B and C

61. 25.) According to Osofsky, Hann, and Peebles (1993), compared to adults, teen parents _____.  are more verbally active with their infants  offer their babies plenty of cognitive stimulation *are more prone to depression  are less punitive with their child-raising practices

62. THAT’S ALL FOLKS!  Now go get an A+ you :) YIPPIE