1. Organic Compounds Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atoms Ex: Glucose (sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6

2. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic Compound- Compounds that do not contain carbon atoms. ex: water- H 2 0, salt-NaCl

3. Why is carbon important? Carbon is found in many different compounds because carbon has 6 electrons, 4 of which are found in the valence (outer) shell.

4. Why is carbon important? Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen.

5. Covalent Bond Covalent bond: bond created when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Carbon can form a single bond, by sharing one pair of electrons, a double bond by sharing two pairs of electrons, or a triple bond, by sharing three pairs of electrons.

6. Example Methane: CH 4 –Main component of natural gas

7. CHNO Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the main components found in all living things. (CHON) These elements are found in 96% of all life on earth.

8. Building Blocks Monomer is a smaller, simpler molecule that can bind with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers. Large polymers are called macromolecules. Macromolecules are organic compounds.

9. Monomers Together Condensation Reaction = the process of monomers joining together to form a polymer, and a water molecule is released. Also called Dehydration Reaction (Synthesis)

10. Breaking it Down Hydrolysis =the process where water is used to break down polymers into monomers

11. Energy Adenosine Triphosphate =ATP When the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, energy is released.

12. Macromolecules Chapter 3 Section 2

13. Chapter 3 LET’S REVIEW! 1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? 2.What is an organic compound? 3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things? LET’S REVIEW! 1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? 2.What is an organic compound? 3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things?

14. LET’S REVIEW

15. One link in the chain is one single unit or monomer Mono - one Several links (monomers) together is a polymer. Poly - many

16. Organic Compounds All contain the element Carbon. They also contain other common elements, which means you are made mostly of… CHNO

17. Four main classes of organic compounds… Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (and sometimes N,S, and P)

18. Carbohydrates Common name: –Sugar or starches of:Elements Composed of: –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen

19. Carbohydrates Units (Building Blocks): –Monosaccharides= simple sugar Ex. Glucose, fructose Complex form: –Disaccharide= double sugar Ex. Sucrose= table sugar –Polysaccharide –Ex. Starch, glycogen Bonding process: –Condensation Reaction

20. Carbohydrates Common Examples: –Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Cellulose Functions: –Mid-term energy storage

21. Carbohydrates Draw carbohydrate Polysaccharides –Starch (many glucoses)- energy storage in plants –Glycogen- energy storage in liver and muscles of animals –Cellulose- structural molecule in cell wall of plants –Chitin- structural molecule in exoskeleton of arthropods

22. Lipids Common name: –Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Elements composed of: –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen

23. Lipids Units (building blocks): –1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules Complex Form: –Triglyceride Type of Bonding: saturatedunsaturated Single bondsDouble bonds

24. Lipids Common Examples: Functions: –Long term energy storage, components of hormones, components of cell membrane butteroils

25. Lipids –Draw Lipids Triglycerides –Oils- long term storage of energy in seeds and fruits –Fats- long term storage of energy in higher animals

26. Proteins Common name: –Proteins Elements composed of: –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Nitrogen –Sulfur

27. Proteins Units (building blocks): –Amino acids Complex Form: –Polypeptide Type of Bonding: –Peptide bond Bonding Process –Condensation Reaction

28. Proteins Common Examples: –Hemoglobin, Keratin, Collagen Functions: –Enzymes, structural, transport, storage, protective, hormones, membrane proteins

29. Protein –Make a drawing Collagen-structural, tendon, hide, muscles Keratin- structural, wool, fingernails, feathers Insulin- regulatory, hormones Egg White- Storage Hemoglobin- transport protein that combines easily with oxygen.

30. Nucleic Acids Common name: –Nucleic acid Elements composed of: –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Nitrogen –Phosphorous

31. Nucleic Acid Units (building blocks): –nucleotides Type of Bonding: –Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

32. Nucleic Acid Common Examples: –RNA, DNA Functions: –Codes for all proteins in the body

33. Nucleic Acids –DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, part of chromosomes of cell, carrier of genetic info –RNA- Ribonucleic Acid, transcribes message of the DNA so that proteins can be made inside the cell

35. The Digestive System and Enzymes

36. The Digestive System A long hollow tube called the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) has the purpose of breaking down macromolecules that you eat into molecules that your body can absorb.

37. Process of Digestion 1. Ingestion: taking food in 2. Digestion: breaking food down 3. Movement: from one segment of the tract to another

38. Process of Digestion 4. Absorption: when nutrients cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining in order to enter the blood stream 5. Elimination: undigested molecules are removed

39. Pathway of Food Mouth  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small Intestine  Large Intestine  Rectum  Anus

40. The Mouth The first stages of digestion occurs here. –First: mechanical Digestion or chewing occurs here. –Second: The food meets saliva (a mixture of water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme called amylase) Amylase : helps break starches (polysaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharides)!

41. The Pharynx The location where the GI tract and respiratory system cross over.

42. The Esophagus Long muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach muscles in the esophagus wall.

43. Stomach J shaped muscular organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm. –Stores food –Stomach acid and gastric enzymes called pepsin begin to break down protein.

44. Small Intestine Digests carbohydrates, fats, and completes the digestion of proteins. ABSORBS nutrients

45. Large Intestine Absorbs water to prevent dehydration Absorbs vitamins (B and K) Forms and rids the body of feces through anus

46. Accessory Organs Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic fluid to the small intestine –Lipase enzyme: breaks down fat molecules to free fatty acids, diglycerides and monoglycerides.

47. Accessory Organs Liver –Produces bile, destroys old blood cells, detoxifies blood, stores iron, and helps regulate cholesterol levels. –Bile: ENZYME produced by liver, stored in gall bladder helps to further process of digestions. Gall Bladder: stores bile

48. 6 Classes of Nutrients 3 that provide the body with energy, promote growth and development, and regulate metabolism. –Carbohydrates (monomer: monosaccharide) –Proteins (monomer: amino acid) –Lipids (monomer: fatty acid)

49. 6 Classes of Nutrients Minerals: inorganic substance that occurs naturally in ground. –Living organisms require them for parts of cells, body fluids, and structural components of tissue. –Ex: calcium: bones and muscle contraction and phosphorous: bone, phospholipids, ATP

50. 6 Classes of Nutrients Water Vitamins: organic compounds that the body uses for metabolic purposes. –Unable to produce these on its own –Many are co-enzymes (enzyme helpers) –Ex: Vitamin D, B, C, ect

51. What is an enzyme? Enzymes are proteins Serve as a catalyst. Catalysts are substances that begin or accelerate a reaction without the reaction itself being affected. Enzymes speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged.

52. What is an Enzyme? A molecule that can break apart other molecules or combine monomers to make a polymer.

53. Enzymes Control Many Vital Functions Including: –Breaking down food for energy! –Increasing the reaction rate (or how quickly reactions happen) of biochemical processes. Examples of biochemical processes are metabolism (how cells convert and use energy to grow and reproduce) ATP

54. What is a substrate? The surface of the material that attaches to the enzyme. (write this on your notes…) –The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bind.

55. What is an example? Starch is a huge carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide) Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) which will break the starch molecule (polymer) into pieces (monosaccharide) Amylase is the enzyme and the potato chip starch is the substrate.

56. What is an example? Liver releases bile to break down lipids. Pancreas releases pancreatic juices also known as digestive enzymes and hormones.

57. How many substrates can an enzyme work on? Enzymes can be used many times –ose= substrate (sugar) –ase= enzyme

58. How many substrates can an enzyme work on? The shape of an enzyme is specific for one substrate. –The shape of the enzyme lactase is specific to break apart lactose. –The shape of maltase is specific to break apart maltose.

59. What can cause enzymes to change shape and not work? Change in temperature ranges Ranges in pH

60. What can cause enzymes to change shape and not work? Enzyme specificity (lock and key) ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT!