1. Chapter 4 Keystone of a New Nation Lesson 11 – Struggle Between Empires Lesson 12 – Colonies Unhappy with England’s Rule Lesson 13 – Struggle for Independence Lesson 14 – Formation of a New Government

2. Lesson 11 LEQ's: Struggle between Empires for Pennsylvania 1. Why did Philadelphia continue to prosper during colonial days? 2. How did the fur trade help to settle the Pennsylvania wilderness? 3. What were important to the colonial development of Pennsylvania?

3. Philadelphia – planned by William Penn – Orderly street and parks – Protected from ocean but had Delaware River – Major trade center European settlers doing well – Native Americans WERE NOT – Diseases – measles and smallpox – Had no resistance to diseases Lesson 11 – Struggle Between Empires

4. Walking Purchase – 1737 – Delaware Indians would sell a strip of land that covered as much territory as a man could walk in a day and a half – Penn’s sons cheated Natives Cleared path runners

5. Wilderness in Pennsylvania Native Americans were skilled at trapping fur- bearing animals – Europeans wanted furs, know as pelts – Traded pelts for cloths, guns, iron kettles, etc. – No roadways through the wilderness

6. Trading Posts were set up by trading companies in the wilderness. – Stored items to be traded for pelts Later, forts were built on the sites of these trading posts Conflicts in the wilderness – France and England – set up colonies

7. French and English followed separate rivers, meeting at forks of the Ohio River (Pittsburgh) – Both claimed territory – Both ready to fight in order keep fur trade French Grand Plan – Central link to establish a water transportation system St. Lawrence River to St. Louis and Mississippi River southward, using great lakes in between

8. Peace-loving Quakers would not fight Asked for help from Governor Dinwiddie of the Virginia Colony – 1753, 21 year old George Washington was sent out to order French out of the area. – Fort LeBoeuf, near present day Erie, Washington delivered message. – French refused to leave – 1754, Governor of Virginia wanted settlement built at the forks of the Ohio River French captured settlement and built own fort, Fort Duquesne

9. 1754, Washington and troops returned to region to save settlement – Built crude roads through thick forests and over rugged hills – Heat of summer Washington set up camp in an open field, known as Great Meadows – Native American chief Half-King, tipped off Washington about a French attack – Traveled through night, surprising French and winning. One French soldier escaped to relay news of the battle

10. 1754 – French and Indian War – Lasted nine years in Europe but only six in North America. – English were fighting French over control of the Ohio River Valley (control of North America) – Native Americans helped both sides Tribes who used to fight each other sided with French and Americans and fought once again

11. Fort Necessity – ordered built by Washington in preparation of French attack – Washington surrendered to French – French allowed Washington and troops to return to Virginia without weapons – Fort was torn apart and burned 1755 – English sent General Braddock with large army to capture Fort Duquesne – Washington traveled with troops

12. Ambushed by French and lost – Braddock shot in chest and died within days – Buried in the middle of the rough road 1758 – British General Forbes advanced on Fort Duquesne with 8,000 troops – When arrived, fort had been set fire to – English built a new, stronger fort at location called Fort Pitt (eventually Pittsburgh) – Victory allowed English rule to continue – English won war within 2 years against French

13. Lesson 11 LEQ's: Struggle between Empires for Pennsylvania 1. Why did Philadelphia continue to prosper during colonial days? 2. How did the fur trade help to settle the Pennsylvania wilderness?

14. Lesson 12 LEQ’s: Multicultural Haven for Ethnic and Religious Groups 1. What does Keystone mean? 2. Why did the people of Pennsylvania become angry under England's rule? 3. What major events led to the American Revolution?

15. Lesson 12 – Colonies Unhappy with England’s Rule Quaker State vs. Keystone State – Quaker State since founders were Quakers – Keystone – a central wedge-shaped stone in an arch that strengthens the structure and holds all of the other stones in place – Later, term deals with the political importance in forging a new nation.

16. Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and Bill of Rights were all documents written and approved in Philadelphia.

17. Cost of French and Indian war was pushed onto the colonies. – New taxes, monies collected to help pay for services provided by the government, were placed on the American colonies – Until the 1760s, the thirteen colonies were separate. New taxes brought them together in protest.

18. First Continental Congress – Sept 1774 – Congress – means coming together – Leaders of the colonies met and agreed to stop buying England’s goods brought to the colonies. – England eventually stopped the taxes on all goods except for tea – People of Pennsylvania refused to buy (boycott) tea – England felt superior to the colonists and refused to listen to their concerns - ethnocentric

19. Second Continental Congress – May 1775 – Met at Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall). – John Hancock was president of 2 nd Cont. Congress – Fighting between English troops and Massachusetts colonists began one month prior – Congress elected George Washington Commander of the American Army, although John Hancock wanted position Reasons: in order to get southern support, Washington, from Virginia, was chosen

20. May 1776 – five people were chosen to write a Declaration of Independence – Thomas Jefferson wrote original draft – Benjamin Franklin, from Pennsylvania, helped greatly with the draft Congress debated every paragraph and took out one-third of the original draft – Issues such as slavery taken out because of South

21. July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence was approved by 12 of the 13 states, New York chose not to vote. Liberty Bell – cast in England in 1751 to celebrate the 50 th anniversary of William Penn’s Charter of Privileges. – Hidden during was in Allentown – Crack appeared the first time it was rung, unsuccessfully repaired

22. American Revolution – war fought to gain our independence from England – Treasonous act by the colonies Loyalists – people still loyal to England – 1400 Pennsylvanians joined England’s army during revolution. – Quakers did not fight Lesson 13 – Struggle for Independence

23. Importance of Pennsylvania’s cities during the revolution: – Rifles were made in Lancaster – Cannons were made in Philadelphia – Military supplies and ammunition were stored at Carlisle – Conestoga wagon was made in Lancaster

24. After 1777, English invaded Philadelphia – Americans lost these battles, English army took control of Philadelphia – Washington set up camp at Valley Forge. Encampment – town/city built to house troops Freezing winter, poorly fed and clothed troops, thousands died Poor sanitary conditions at camps Diseases unknown to doctors, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery claimed many lives

25. Friedrich von Steuben, German officer, volunteered to train Washington’s men – Strict discipline of the soldiers helped turn the war around Ben Franklin, in December 1776, was sent to France to negotiate, hoping French would lend support after losing to English for control of North America – French sent money, guns, food, soldiers, and ships

26. Important women of the American Revolution – Mary Hays followed her husband into battle. “Molly Pitcher” – carried pitchers of water onto battlefield for soldier who were fighting. When her husband was wounded, she took over his post at the cannon. – Sarah Bache, daughter of Ben Franklin, organized more than 2,000 Philadelphia women to sew clothing for the troops – Betsy Ross – believed to have made our country’s first flag 13 stars and 13 stripes (one for each colony)

27. American Revolution fought to get away from a King/Queen Articles of Confederation – written by American leaders during Revolution. – Very weak document – States were like independent countries Lesson 14 – Formation of a New Government

28. Major Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation No Central Government No power to make people to go to war No way to make people obey the law No way to levy or collect taxes No mechanism for solving arguments among the states No way to regulate trade among states

29. May 1787, delegates from twelve states met in Philadelphia with the purpose of strengthening the Articles of Confederation – George Washington was elected president of the convention – Realized a new plan of government needed to be written – 55 delegates met, 8 from Pennsylvania Gouverneur Morris and Ben Franklin

30. James Madison, Virginia, is given credit as being the Father of the U.S. Constitution Major disagreements over how each state was to be fairly represented in the new government Compromise – Smaller states were worried about not getting equal representation

31. Roger Sherman – compromise – Representation by population (House of Rep.) – Equal representation (Senate) – Ben Franklin – the Great Pacifier Calmed many tempers during convention Oldest signer of Constitution although he did not agree with all parts of it 39 of 55 delegates approved Constitution

32. States needed to approve/RATIFY plan in order for it to be legal – 9 of the 13 had to approve – Promise to write a list of rights and freedoms was needed to get states to ratify – Interpretation, Compromise, and Change Amendments were the methods to allow these to happen Sept. 1790 – first ten amendments were proposed – BILL OF RIGHTS