2. Module 24 Explaining Motivation Chapter 8, Pages 301-308 Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman November 1, 2006

3. Motivation Factors that direct and energize behavior Approaches:  Biological  Drive Reduction  Arousal  Incentive  Cognitive  Hierarchy

4. Motivation – Biological Approach Instinct – inborn patterns of behavior  Sexual Behavior – Instinct to reproduce  Exploratory Behavior – Instinct to explore  Number of Instincts – Between 18 and 5,759 separate primary instincts

5. Instinct: Sustenance (List derived from Robert Port)  Suckle  Eat and drink; seek food and water  Seek sweet and fatty (nutritious) foods  Avoid eating bitter or smelly things  Cautious about novel foods  Seek better resources than presently available  Seek are green and flowery environments

6. Instinct: Sex  Interested in girls or boys (usually of opposite sex)  Seek sexual contact and excitement  Have sex in private  Do not have sex with your children or parents  Love children and the cute (female more than male)  Compete for resources (wealth, fame, etc.)  Pair up; find long-term partner(s) (female more than male)  Compete for the best (and, for males, the most) partners (eg, show off, dress up)  Be aggressive, use force to gain advantage (male more than female)

7. Instinct: Defense  Blink; flinch; flee (Reflexes)  Frown; snarl; attack for advantage (male more than female)  Keep yourself alive; ensure your genetic survival  Protect your own family  Hierarchy: own children > spouse > siblings > clan, etc  Obtain and defend resources: jobs, land, property, hunting rights, sex partners, etc. (male more than female)

8. Instinct: Sociality  Bond with your group, hangout with your family  Try to reduce conflict within your group (female more than male)  Compete for leadership in groups  Imitate others: beliefs, knowledge and skills  Be wary of and dislike `outsiders'  Teach youngsters (female more than male)  Celebrate; share gifts (esp food); hug; grieve  Display emotions: anger, happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise  Organize others' behavior; lead your fellows (male more than female)

9. Instinct: Knowledge and Learning  Curious about stuff, try to make sense of things  Learn about your surroundings  Play with toys (objects, pets, tools, machines, etc)  Explore new places, find more efficient methods  Be more adventurous - especially when young26

10. Instinct: Language, Music, & Art  Learn new words and more effective speech (especially the young)  Gossip; commiserate; boast; scold; make jokes; entertain  Tell and listen to stories  Make music  Make artistic objects

11. Religion  Belief in a higher being  Attribute the unknowable, uncontrollable, etc. to a god

12. Motivation - Drive Reduction Approach We are motivated by a drive (need or desire) Primary Drives  Hunger  Thirst  Sleep  Sex Secondary Drives  Good grades  Professional Success Homeostasis  Attempt to maintain a normal/optimal state Body temperature Blood-sugar level

13. Arousal Approach Attempt to maintain a certain level of stimulation Varies from person to person

14. Incentive Approach to Motivation Desire to obtain valued external goals (incentives) We often eat chocolate (sweets, etc.) because we like the taste, not just to satisfy our hunger.

15. Cognitive Approach to Motivation Personal expectations and goals provide the motivation  Intrinsic Motivation – our own enjoyment and satisfaction (highly motivating)  Extrinsic Motivation – external rewards (often tangible) such as money, grades, etc.

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy Primary needs must be satisfied before higher- order needs. Difficult to prove Maslow’s theory of hierachy Difficult to prove Maslow’s theory of hierarchy

17. Motivation Review Factors that direct and energize behavior Approaches:  Biological – Instinct  Drive Reduction – Satisfy needs  Arousal – Maintain stimulation  Incentive – Goal Seeking  Cognitive – Thoughts & expectations  Hierarchy – Satisfy basic needs first