1. UNIT 1 Sustaining Earth’s Ecosystems Overall goal of the Unit : By the end of unit 1, you will be able to discuss the significance of natural phenomena and human factors within an ecosystems.

2. Learning Outcomes for UNIT 1: What are the abiotic and biotic elements in ecosystems How does carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycle within the ecosystem? Explore ecosystems with similar characteristics in different geographical locations What are the effects of altering an abiotic factor Describe species adaptation Create food webs and pyramids Describe the mechanisms and possible impacts of bioaccumulation Explain traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) Discuss the impact of natural phenomena, foreign species, disease, pollution, habitat destruction, and exploitation of resources on ecosystems

3. Important Unit 1 Vocabulary abiotic acid precipitation/rain adaptation adaptive radiation algae annual precipitation annual temperature aquatic bacteria bioaccumulation biodegradation biodiversity biomagnification biome biosphere biotic carbon exchange carbon sink carbon store Carbonate carnivore cellular respiration climate climatograph climax community commensalism community competition consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary) DDT decomposers deforestation denitrification detrivore ecological hierarchy (organism, population, community, ecosystem) ecological pyramid (pyramid of biomass, pyramid of energy, pyramid of numbers) ecological succession (primary, secondary) ecology ecosystem elevation estuary Extinction food chains food pyramids food webs foreign species fossil fuel grazing habitat heavy metals herbivore host keystone species latitude legumes lichen Lightning mutualism native species natural selection niche nitrification nutrients omnivore parasitism PCBs pesticide pH phosphorus photosynthesis phytoplankton pioneer species predation producer Proliferation soil degradation stability symbiosis terrestrial top consumer/predator/ carnivore toxin trophic levels zooplankton

4. Introduction http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/animals- pets-kids/mammals-kids/hippo-fishclean-kids.html http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/animals- pets-kids/mammals-kids/hippo-fishclean-kids.html

5. UNIT 1 Sustaining Earth’s Ecosystems Chapter 1: Biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the biosphere (p. 6 – 53) 1.1 Biomes Words to Know  abioticclimateterrestrial  adaptationclimatograph  Biomeecosystems  BioticBiosphere

6. Learning Goals for 1.1 define abiotic, biotic, biome, and ecosystem identify distinctive plants, animals, and climatic characteristics of Canadian biomes (tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rainforest, grasslands) identify biotic and abiotic factors in a given scenario or diagram identify factors that affect the global distribution of the following biomes (8): tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, boreal forest, grasslands, desert, tundra, polar ice using examples, explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations (i.e., significance of abiotic factors)

7. Think Pad… Scientists study the biosphere by breaking it down into smaller divisions. Place the following terms in order of size of division: Biome, habitat, biosphere, ecosystem

8. 1.1 A. Biomes __________________: anywhere on Earth living things exist.  _____________ are regions with similar __________ and similar ___________ components (ex. BC and New Zealand are similar biomes) See pages 8 -10 ___________ = living things ___________ = non-living things

9. Abiotic and Biotic Examples of Biotic ComponentsExamples of Abiotic Components

10.  _____________ are classified based on many qualities, such as water availability, temperature, and interactions between biotic and abiotic factors.  We will study types of biomes called “___________________, or land-based biomes  There are __________ types of biomes: Boreal forest, desert, grassland, permanent ice, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rainforest, tropical rainforest and tundra. See pages 8 -10

11. Activity 1.1A Observing Patterns in World Biomes What to DoWhat did you find out?

12. Reading Check Page 12

13. B. Factors That Influence the Characteristics and Distribution of Biomes Think Pad…

14. Factors That Influence the Characteristics and Distribution of Biomes Certain characteristics help to identify biomes.  ________________ and _______________ are two of the most important _____________ factors. See pages 10 - 13

15. Practice Problems

16. Practice Problems page 13

17.  Other Factors That Influence the Characteristics and Distribution of Biomes include _______________, ___________________ and __________________ ___________________

18. __________________ is the distance north and south from the equator.  ______________ influences both temperature & precipitation. Ex. The tropical zone has very warm temperatures and high precipitation because:  The sun shines straight down & warm air holds more moisture than cooler air. See pages 14 - 15

19. ____________________ is the height above sea level  _____________ elevations have ________ air, and therefore ____________ heat is retained.  Windward sides of mountains are wet, leeward sides are very dry. _____________ ____________ carry warmth and moisture to coastal areas.  Where warm currents meet land, temperate biomes are found.

20. Reading Check Page 15

21. C. Climatographs ________________: the average pattern of weather conditions over a period of several years.  A climatograph shows the __________ _______________ and _____________________ for a location over a period of 30 years or more. Biomes are often defined using information in climatographs. See pages 16 - 17

22. Climatographs  Examine the differences between Tofino and Osoyoos See pages 16 - 17

23. D. Adaptations and Biomes Biomes are often identified with characteristic biotic factors.  For example, a cactus in the desert, or a caribou on the tundra.  Many of these characteristic factors have special adaptations that allow the organisms to better survive and reproduce in that biome. See pages 18 - 19

24. Types of adaptations: 1.________________ __________________ - a physical feature that helps an organism survive. ex. A wolf has large paws to help it run in snow. 2.________________ _________________ - a physical or chemical event inside the body of an organism that allows it to survive. ex. A wolf maintains a constant body temperature. 3. _______________ _________________ - a behaviour that helps an organism to survive. ex. Wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey. Adaptations and Biomes (continued)

27. Reading Check Page 19 AND 29

28. 1.1 Summary Biomes of the World (8) Factors that influence the Characteristics and distribution of biomes (Temperature, Precipitation, latitude, levation, ocean currents) Climatographs (ave. temperature an precipitation) Adaptations (structural, physiological, beehavioural)