1. Political Revolutions The French Revolution

2. Causes of the French Revolution “Never was any such event so inevitable yet so completely unforeseen.” Alexis de Tocqueville

3. Causes Social Tensions of the Ancien Regime (Old Order) Conditions of French Society prior to 1789 Inequalities enshrined into law First Estate Second Estate Third Estate

4. Causes Economic Struggles Rising prices throughout 18 th century Poor harvests in late 1780s

5. Causes The new political ideas of the Enlightenment Political powerlessness of the bourgeoisie

6. Causes Growth of a popular press Marie Antoinette Weakness of the monarchy Louis XV – “Après moi, le deluge.” Louis XVI

7. Short-term Cause Virtual collapse of the government’s finances Calling of the Estates-general in 1789

8. First Stage Calling of Estates-general led to a series of problems and events that eventually spiraled out of control of the King Rising expectations of various groups Issue of voting procedures Third Estate to National Assembly (June 17 th ) Tennis Court Oath

9. First Stage Destruction of Royal Authority and Old Order Parisian mob storms the Bastille (July 14, 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Church land is seized

10. End of First Stage King flees in June of 1791 and is captured European leaders fear direction of revolution War and invasion leads to radical stage

11. Second Stage Girondins v. Jacobins Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror Guillotine and the execution of the King and his family Universal mobilization

12. Third Stage Radical nature of the second stage leads to a period of reaction Establishment of the Directory Period of economic collapse, political corruption and intrigue by Royalists Ends with coup d'état by Napoleon