1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Development The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) –AKA developed countries Lesser developed countries (LDCs) –AKA emerging or developing countries

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Economic indicators of development –The Human Development Index (HDI) Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: –Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita –Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education –Demographic = (4) life expectancy

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Economic indicators of development –Types of jobs Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector –Productivity Measured by the value added per capita MDCs are more productive than LDCs –Consumer goods

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Social indicators of development –Education and literacy The literacy rate –Health and welfare Diet (adequate calories) Access to health care

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Demographic indicators of development –Life expectancy Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s –Other demographic indicators: Infant mortality Natural increase Crude birth rate

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? More developed regions –North America and Europe –Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand Less developed regions –Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs –Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI –South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-10

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) –Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes –Four measures (similar to HDI): Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males Percent of literate females to literate males Life expectancy of females to males

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) –Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics –Uses economic and political indicators: Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women Percentage of administrative jobs held by women Percentage of women holding national office

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Progress Toward Development Figure 9-26

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Development through self-sufficiency –Characteristics: Pace of development = modest Distribution of development = even Barriers are established to protect local business –Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers Two major problems with this approach: –Inefficient businesses are protected –A large bureaucracy is developed

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Development through international trade –Rostow’s model of development –Examples of international trade approach The “four Asian dragons” Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states –Three major problems: Uneven resource distribution Increased dependence on MDCs Market decline

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? International trade approach triumphs –The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century –Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development Example: India –World Trade Organization –Foreign direct investment

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triumph of International Trade Approach Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foreign Direct Investment Figure 9-30

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Financing development –LDCs require money to fund development –Two sources of funds: Loans –The World Bank and the IMF –Structural adjustment programs Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Fair trade approach –Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs –Two sets of standards Fair trade producer standards Fair trade worker standards –Producers and workers usually earn more –Consumers usually pay higher prices

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ROSTOW’S THEORY 1.Traditional Society – hi % people in agri. Hi % national wealth in “nonproductive” activities. 2.Preconditions for Takeoff – elite group starts innovative ecoc. activity. Invest in technology & infrastructure stimulating productivity 3.The Takeoff – Rapid growth in limited # of activities, these are productive, traditional still dominate 4.Drive to maturity – technology diffuses to more industries, rapid growth, workers skilled 5.Age of Mass Consumption – shift from heavy manufacturing to consumer goods.

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Core and Periphery Model Figure 9-32

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Core and Periphery Model CORE The world’s richer countries Wide range of products and services High wages Import raw materials and export manufactured goods/services Have favorable trade balances with poor countries Build up capital which is invested largely at home Invest in other core country economies Valuable trade with other core countries

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. PERIPHERY Poorer countries Limited products Limited technology Lower wages Dependent on core countries to purchase goods, provide capital, etc. This Dependency is the root of many global problems/conflicts Supply raw materials Generally exploited by core

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. SEMIPERIPHERY Transition between core and periphery Still have dependent relationships with cores Have peripheral countries dependent on them South Korea, Mexico, Argentina, Thailand, Malaysia are examples of Semi-Periphery countries moving up Russia and neighbors moving down the scale

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Agriculture