1. CLAUSES

2. CLAUSE: CONTAINS BOTH A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE Complete thought and can stand independently Not a complete thought—must accompany or be part of an independent clause; otherwise it is a fragment Preceded by relative pronoun Preceded by subordinating conjunction Preceded by noun clause identifier

3. BOTH ARE CLAUSES... When the ice cracked The skaters sought safety dependent independent SV S V

4. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES whosometimes: when or where whom whose which that Modify nouns and pronouns, providing necessary information about them. They usually begin with a relative pronoun. The relative pronoun is the subject or object of the clause it begins and usually falls immediately after the noun or pronoun it modifies.

5. Mrs. Boyd,who is a teacher, lost her book. The book, which belongs to Mrs. Boyd, is lost. The book arrived from New York which is where it is published. Parents who are illiterate often have bad memories of school. S ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES S S S V V V V V V V V S S S S

6. ADVERBIAL DEPENDENT CLAUSE Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and whole groups of words. They tell how, why, when, where, under what conditions, or with what result. They always begin with a subordinating conjunction. after although as as if as long as as soon as as though because before even if even though if in order that lest now that since so that than though till unless until when whenever where wherever while

7. ADVERB CLAUSES CAN BE MOVED AROUND IN A SENTENCE WITH NO LOSS OF CLARITY. Mrs. Boyd could not read her book because she lost her glasses. Because she lost her glasses, Mrs. Boyd could not read her book. S S S S V V V V

8. NOUN CLAUSES Function as subjects, objects, and complements in sentences. Noun clauses replace a word within a clause; therefore, they can be difficult to identify. They begin with noun clause identifiers. That What Whatever Who whom Whoever Whomever When Where Whether Why How

9. NOUN CLAUSES Whether the program would succeed depended on door-to-door advertising. Teachers explained in person how the program would work. Whoever seemed slightly interested was invited to an open meeting. A few parents were anxious about what their children would think. Sentence Subject Direct Object Sentence Subject Object of Preposition V V V V S S S S S S V LV V V

10. IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE 1.Scientists who want to catch the slightest signals from space use extremely sensitive receivers. Adjective Clause 2. Even though they have had to fight for funding, these scientists have persisted in their research. Adverb Clause 3. The research is called SETI, which stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Adjective Clause

11. 4. The theory is that intelligent beings in space are trying to get in touch with us. Noun Clause 5. The challenge is to guess what frequency these beings would use to send signals. Noun Clause