1. QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 11 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

2. 16- comparative and superlative nouns اسم التفضيل The comparative and superlative noun is a form which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison between one thing and another. Example: إبراهيمَ من أکبر يوسفُ (Joseph is bigger than Abraham.) الشمسُ اكبرُ من الأرض The sun is bigger than the earth triliteral active verbs and always are kept in the form أفعل. For example: کَرُمَ (which is an active verb) becomes أکرَم (more generous) ضُرِبَ (which is a passive verb) is not kept into the comparative or superlative form.

3. الصفة المشبّهة vs. اسم التفضيل Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect as well as any verb that has more than three letters are not put into the comparative or superlative forms. The reason for that is that such active verbs are not formed into the comparative and superlative forms is because the form أفعل for these verbs is used as الصفة المشبّهة. For example: سَوِدَ (to make black) becomes أسوَد (black) and عَوِرَ (to loose an eye) becomes أعوَر (one-eyed). If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from the above mentioned verbs then we must use one of the words أشد (more severe), أکثر (more) أوفر (more abundant) or أکبر (larger) and then add the infinitive of the verb in the MANSOOB form (because it is a TAMYEEZ). For example: سَوِدَ becomes سَواداً أشَدُّ (blacker) or عَوِرَ becomes عَوَراً أکثرُ (more one-eyed).. لأبيه احتراماً أکثر هو (he is more respectful to his father) –اللحُم آشدُّ حُمرةَ من التفاح meat is more red than the apple

4. 16- Superlative Noun اسم تفضيل A Noun can ONLY be superlative if it meets the following conditions: – It is a complete verb (not incomplete like KAANA كان ) – Tri-Lettered Derivable noun (not DAHRAJA دَحرَجَ ) – Positive (not negative like LAYSA ليس ) – It is in active form (not FO’ELA فعل ) – It’s feminine description is not in the form of الصفة المشبّهة Fa’laa’’ فعلاء ” (not حمر أ AHMAR)

5. 11-Noun of Time and Place The noun of time indicates the time of the action of the verb. مَغرِب (evening). The noun of place indicates the place of the action. example: مَطبَخ (kitchen). The forms mentioned in the next slide can be applied to both. The determination of whether it is a noun of time or place is usually clarified by the context of the sentence.

6. Scale of mafa’l مَفعَل 1.If the verb ended with a vowel letter, – example: يَرمي (he is shooting) becomes مَرمیَ (aim), – (flowing place, sewer) مَجرَى  جرى (flow) 2. If the present tense had Fatha or Dhamma on the Ayn of the Verb – for example يَطبُخُ (he is cooking) becomes مَطبَخ (kitchen), – مكتب  يكتُبُ Writing  Office – example: يَذبَحُ (he is slaughtering) becomes مَذبَح (slaughterhouse), – مَلعَب  يلعَبُ Play  Playground

7. Scale of mafe’l مَفعِل 1.If the verb did not end with a vowel, and the Ayn of the verb in present tense had a kasra مَنزِل  ينزلُ – Descend  House – for example: يَضرِبُ (he is hitting) becomes مَضرِب (camp site). 2. If the verb started with a vowel letter (did not end with a vowel letter) مَوعِد  وَعَدَ Promise  Pledge – There are rare exceptions to this rule, for example مَفعِل : مَطلِع و مَغرِب و مَشرِق whose second root letter has a dhammah in the present tense.

8. Four letter Noun of Time and Place Four Letter verb is formed on a scale of ISIM Mafool (Object Noun) or MASDAR MIMI (MOFA’L) – example: –يُستَشفیَ (a cure was sought) becomes مُستَسفیَ (hospital). – مُجتمعَ  اجتمع (gathered  community or gathering place)

9. 11-Noun of Instrument An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the thing that the action was performed with. For example: مِبرَد (file) Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral verbs. There are three forms that they have: مِفعَل. 1 : for example: مِبرَد (file) مِفعَلَة. 2 : for example: مِکنَسَة (broom) مِفعال. 3 : for example: مِفتاح (key) Non derived nouns are SOMAEYAH and does not have any standard such as: سكين knife, قلم pen, جرس bell

10. More examples مِفعَل –قَصّ Cut  Meqas مِقَصّ –  Scissor مِفعال –ثاقِب Drilled  مِثقاب –  Driller – مِنشار <-- نَشَرَ Sawed  Saw مِفعَلَة مطرَقَة <-- طَرَقَ – hammered  hammer ملعقة <-- لَعِقَ - licked  spoon

11. 11-Noun of Instrument – Odd cases – Fa’aalata فعالة – (Approved by Egyptians) – غسَالة <-- غَسَلَ wash  washing machine –خَرَامة <-- خَرَمَ drilled  driller