1. The French and Indian War The War That Made America

2. North America in 1750 What potential Problem does the Map reveal?
Why was the Ohio
River valley in
Dispute by Britain
And France?

3. The Region Today

4. New France: The 3rd Colony of the New World
French claims dated back to 1608
Samuel de Champlain, “Father of New France”, founds Quebec
Forms friendship w/ Huron
Makes enemies w/ Iroquois

5. Characteristics of French settlement
French settled along the interior
Waterways of North America
St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, Ohio
River, Mississippi River
Build forts & trading posts from New
Orleans to Lake Michigan
Control fur trade w/ tribes west of the
Appalachian Mts.
Never heavily populated
Coureurs
De Bois

6. French settlements

7. A History of War
France, Spain and Britain battle for the control of North America, sub plot will be religion
1690 King William’s War 1690
Queen Anne’s War
Peace of Utrecht 1713 – British gain Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, British gains pinch French land holdings
War of Jenkin's Ear 1739 – naval war between France, Spain and Great Britain, Spain attacks colony of Georgia

8. Presentation of Jenkins’ Ear

9. Prelude to French and IndianWar
1750’s North America
Three leading powers
British
French
Iroquois Confederation

10. British Viewpoint Encourage settlement of western lands
“Nothing can more effectively tend to defeat the dangerous designs of the French”

11. French Viewpoint
French trace land claims back to early 1600’s, based on fur trade
French to Native Americans on the British’ “The British will rob you of your country”

12. Native American viewpoint
“We don’t know what you Christians, English and French together, intend. We are so hemmed in by both that we have hardly a hunting place left!”

13. The Iroquois

14. A Comparison French 60,000 people Claimed more land Single government
Used professional soldiers
Huron and Algonquin allies
British
1.5 million people
Several colonial governments
Use colonial militias
Fighting for homes
Iroquois Allies

15. The French and Indian War Begins
The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.
Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This protest was ignored.
The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburg.
Young George Washington

16. The Battle of Fort Necessity
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.
The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

17. Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin – “Join or Die”
Meeting of representatives from 7 colonies
Two goals: form an alliance with Iroquois and coordinate colonial defense
Delegate approve the plan
Colonial legislatures reject plan
Franklin – “weak noodles”

18. The Iroquois ally with the Britsh

19. “Join or Die” 1754 published by Ben Franklin
Is considered by some to be the first political
cartoon of the colonies.

20. From the Albany Plan of Union (1754) From the Constitution (1787)
“[the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed…”
“[the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…”
“[Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…”
“[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…”
“The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”
9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.
10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian nations.
11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …
15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies…
16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes…

21. Quick Timeline
Early British strategy – capture France’s interior forts
1755 – defeated at Duquesne, Frontenac, Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point
Duquesne British General Edward Braddock killed, Washington leads the retreat
1756 – official declaration of war
1757 – King George turns war over to William Pitt – sends more troops & spends more money

22. Fortunes Reverse
In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to victory.
Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from North America
buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency
buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

24. Timeline British change strategy, attack along the St. Lawrence
1758 – Jeffery Amherst takes Louisburg General John Forbes takes Duquesne
1758 Montcalm wins at Ticonderoga
1759 – Amherst takes Ticonderoga, Quebec falls to the British, Wolfe & Montcalm both killed

25. Timeline 1760 – Montreal falls to British
1763 Treaty of Paris – French control of Canada is over
Britain gains and France loses most of India, North America east of the Mississippi River, Spain cedes Florida to Britain, gains New Orleans and Louisiana Territory from France
Colonists emerge confident, battle tested, French threat removed and many Indians defeated

26. The Treaty of Paris
The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.

27. Pontiac's Rebellion
Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with the British.
The British exhibited little cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land.
This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British.
The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

28. Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)
“It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. …
When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. …
Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

29. Proclamation of 1763 Halted settlement west of the Appalachians
British wanted to negotiate peace with the Indians –due to Pontiac’s Rebellion
Colonists wanted land

30. Proclamation of 1763 Colonists resented restrictions
Had fought for the land
Moved into the area illegally
Opposition to British rule is heating up

31. The future of British rule
Ben Franklin – ‘it is not merely improbable, it is impossible, I mean without the most grievous tyranny and oppression!”
What does Ben Franklin mean?