1. Warm-ups (Ch.7 – 09/13) In 1849, miners discovered a precious substance in California: gold. Within a year, prospectors flocked to California determined to strike it rich. –QUESTION: Write a paragraph explaining that you have “gold fever” and are headed to California to make your fortune.

2. Conflict with Native Americans Chapter 7, Section 2

3. Life of the Plains Indians Buffalo – used every part Farmers, hunters and gatherers Horses – trading and raids –Nomads – people who travel from place to place (followed food source) –Warrior societies

5. Indian Wars Causes of Clashes –Native American traditions: land was sacred –Settlers felt justified in taking land b/c they could make it productive

6. Government Policy Making Treaties –Produced misunderstandings & fraud basically took land w/o asking Most “Chiefs” didn’t know what they were signing Widespread corruption –Placed Indians on reservations –Indian react with frustration and anger

7. Battlefield Challenges Soldier’s Life on the Frontier –$13 a month –Leftover Civil War uniform –Rotten food –Duties: build forts, escort the mail, protect miners, stop gunfights, prevent liquor smuggling and stagecoach robbery and occasionally….fight Indians

8. The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 Players: Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, Black Kettle, Colonel John Chivington Place: Central Plains Cheyenne massacres prompt Chivington to kill up to 500 surrendered Cheyenne and Arapaho led by Black Kettle

9. The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864

10. Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876 Players: Sioux, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Lt. Colonel George A. Custer Place: Northern Plains, Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana territories U.S. tries to buy gold-rich Black Hills from Sioux; talks fail; Custer’s cavalry is sent to round up Sioux, but meets huge enemy force; Custer and some 200 men perish in “Custer’s Last Stand”

12. The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890 Players: Sioux, Sitting Bull, U.S. 7 th Cavalry Place: Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota Ghost Dance raises fears of Sioux uprising; Sitting Bull killed in attempted arrest; His followers surrender and camp at Wounded Knee; Shots are fired; some 200 Sioux die

13. The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890

14. New Policies Attempts to change their culture –Assimilation: the process by which one society by adopting its culture –Dawes Act: divided reservation land into individual plots ( In hopes, to make families self- supportive, create pride and ownership.) –PROBLEM: Most reservation land was unsuitable for farming! Most Indians had no interest or experience in farming

15. Indians “Civilized”

16. Buffalo Exterminated

17. Opening Indian Territory April 22, 1889 –Oklahoma Land Rush: Settlers rushed at the sound of a bugle to find a piece of land –Boomers: settlers who staked claims –Sooners: people who sneaked by the government officials to stake their claim

18. Native Americans See: - Pioneers see: -