1. Ancient Rome 509 BC - 500 AD

2. Geography of Italy Shaped like a boot “kicks” the island of Sicily Northern Italy- Alp mountains ( Europe’s highest mountain range) Apennine Mountains “Backbone” mountains that run though Italy Latium Plain to Rome ( Capital of Italy) Tiber River- runs through the Latium Plain

3. AAgriculture- grow wheat, beans, cabbage, lettuce, figs, olives, and grapes CClimate – warm dry summers and mild rainy winters- very similar to Southern California

4. Why here?

5. Rome’s birth

6.  Perhaps Roman History began in 800 BC- after Aeneas fled Troy with his followers after the Trojan War- his story is recounted in the Aeneid by Virgil  Formed an alliance with the Latins who already lived there- took over Italy  Rome named after Romulus – First king of Rome ( who killed brother Remus) around 753 BC

7. The Aeneid

8. Seven Kings  Historical records indicate there were 7 kings who ruled Rome- but not all were Romans- some were Etruscans  These kings built huge temples, Rome’s first sewer system, introduced columns, perhaps the alphabet and numbers as well!  The last king was evil- killed people for fun? His nobles rose up against him and created a new Government in 509 BC

9. Early kings

10. Government Called a Republic - choose leaders but they only stayed in power for 1 year ( don’t get too powerful), didn’t work since most officials came from a small group of rich folk. Republic means public things. Called a Republic - choose leaders but they only stayed in power for 1 year ( don’t get too powerful), didn’t work since most officials came from a small group of rich folk. Republic means public things. Shortly after and for 50 years Rome was at war with others- chose Dictators to rule for 6 months during this time Shortly after and for 50 years Rome was at war with others- chose Dictators to rule for 6 months during this time Cincinnatus- a farmer who was a dictator because he was so loyal to Rome- won the battle and resigned Cincinnatus- a farmer who was a dictator because he was so loyal to Rome- won the battle and resigned

11. Cinci

12. Citizens  2 Groups of citizens Plebeians- common men who farmed and traded- worked for Patricians- majority of population- gained right to be in govt. Patricians- nobles, owned large farms- minority of pop,-once controlled govt.

13.  Consuls- Two men, Army commanders, most powerful judges, proposed new laws- could be vetoed (Magistrates)  Senate- most powerful branch, controls money, diplomatic actions with other countries - held office for life- many magistrates became senators-up to 300 senators  Tribunes- leaders of citizen assemblies- gained rights for all citizens-protected commoners Assemblies-pats and plebes-elected Mags Tribunes-plebes- VETO powers  Representative- some who “acts” for someone else

14. Government continued Feeling of Civic Duty was strong for all men but the four “groups” uneven- POWER uneven For many years the laws unwritten- only Pats knew what they were- Plebes treated unfairly Came up with a system of checks and balances Also came up with a collection of Roman Laws posted in the Forum called Twelve Tables Ex: if couldn’t pay debts became a slave, Plebe couldn’t marry a Pat

15. Government

16. Forum Much like the Greek Agora Much like the Greek Agora Heart of the city Heart of the city Place for official meetings as well as hanging out, shopping, and some gladiator fights Place for official meetings as well as hanging out, shopping, and some gladiator fights Found in between two of Rome’s 7 Hills- Palatine ( where the richest people lived) and Capitoline where the grandest temples were Found in between two of Rome’s 7 Hills- Palatine ( where the richest people lived) and Capitoline where the grandest temples were

17. Daily Life

18. Roman Expansion Trade all over the Med. Sea was going well- made coins out of copper and silver- helped to make Rome a powerful place- this threatened others!! 387 BC- Gauls took over Rome- paid them gold to leave Organized armies into legions (6,000 soldiers) and into centuries ( 100 soldiers)

19. Punic Wars 264 BC- Romans landed on Sicily- began a conflict with Carthage ( Phonecia) known as Punic Wars Carthage sent troops to Sicily- so did Rome- went on 3 times for 20 years! Lasted until 241 BC- Rome seized control…. plus wanted MORE!!!!! In 218 BC Carthage tried to attack Rome itself….

20. Still expanding 218 BC- Hannibal ( 29 year old whose father Hamilcar led first siege against Rome) was on a mission- wanted to capture Rome- and ALMOST did… Attacked by land ( instead of sea) with elephants, 90,000men, and a sneaky plan. Won lots of battles but could not win Rome from Scipio ( 25 year old) who defeated Hanibal at Zama 140’s BC- Rome is worried about Carthage again- so sends and army in- defeats them, burns the city, kills most, sends the rest to slavery, takes control of Northern Africa

21. Rome became MOST powerful nation Controlled Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa 120’s- parts of Gaul (France), Greece, Asia Very Influenced by Greek literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education

22. Punic Wars

23. Meanwhile…Issues at Home Long lasting wars messed with Republic at home Long lasting wars messed with Republic at home Pats and Plebes struggled for control Pats and Plebes struggled for control Slaves revolted- shock right???? Slaves revolted- shock right???? Generals had to use Army to take control back Generals had to use Army to take control back

24. Slaves Revolt

25. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus 133 BC- Tiberius- created farms for Plebes on public lands that Pats had illegally taken over- public liked it- Pats didn’t so they killed him! 133 BC- Tiberius- created farms for Plebes on public lands that Pats had illegally taken over- public liked it- Pats didn’t so they killed him! Gaius tried to sell food at a cheap cost for plebes- again angering pats- so they killed him too! Gaius tried to sell food at a cheap cost for plebes- again angering pats- so they killed him too!

26. Tiberius

27. How to gain power… 107 BC Gaius Marius encouraged poor people ( who had not been allowed to before) to join the army. 107 BC Gaius Marius encouraged poor people ( who had not been allowed to before) to join the army. He was a great leader and people pledged more allegiance to him than to Rome- uh-oh! He was a great leader and people pledged more allegiance to him than to Rome- uh-oh! Lucius Cornelius Sulla- who originally worked under Marius was a consul- did not like this allegiance- began a civil conflict – ended up becoming a dictator and punished his enemies Lucius Cornelius Sulla- who originally worked under Marius was a consul- did not like this allegiance- began a civil conflict – ended up becoming a dictator and punished his enemies

28. Sulla

29. I am Spartacus!!!! Led thousands of slaves in a revolt and DEMANDED freedom!!!! Led thousands of slaves in a revolt and DEMANDED freedom!!!! Took over much of southern Italy- but was killed and his revolt fell apart.. Took over much of southern Italy- but was killed and his revolt fell apart.. The Romans executed 6,000 rebellious slaves as an example to others The Romans executed 6,000 rebellious slaves as an example to others

30. Cicero A philosopher and orator A philosopher and orator Called on upperclass to limit the power of generals so that Rome could work together- restore checks and balances\ Called on upperclass to limit the power of generals so that Rome could work together- restore checks and balances\ Rulers not interested in this b/c it would limit their power Rulers not interested in this b/c it would limit their power

31. Cicero

32. Roman Empire 100 BC - 14 AD Roman Empire 100 BC - 14 AD  Pat- 59 BC elected Consul had an alliance with Pompey and Crassus ( Rome’s 2 other powerful men)  Julius Caesar- Pat- 59 BC elected Consul had an alliance with Pompey and Crassus ( Rome’s 2 other powerful men) 58-50 BC general of Gaul ( France) Once he defeated Gaul- people were jealous so he created a rebel army to lead a civil war and take control of Rome

33. Joined up with Cleopatra ( 21, Egypt) to help her defeat her brother pharaoh then in 45 BC she helped him take control of Rome Became dictator of Rome- rules with absolute power (dictatorship) for life! Brought much good change to Rome- people still resented him though….

34. Caesar brings change  Created calendar  Named July  Gave land to soldiers  Free grain to poor citizens  Increased Senate  Citizenship to non Romans

35. Ides of March  Because he was a dictator- aggravated MANY people- losing traditions of govt.  A friend warned him to beware of the IDES (15 th ) of March  Went to work as usual that day in 44BC- enemy was waiting and stabbed him to death- “saved” from dictatorship

36. Caesar

37. Step up to the plate  After his death his assistant- Marc Antony and his adopted son/cousin Octavian seek to avenge his killers!!! Chased them to N. Greece where one was killed the other took his own life.  Once back in Rome Antony married Octavian’s sister, Octavia but divorced her 8 years later to marry Cleopatra.  This caused a civil war- 31BC- they fought, Tony was defeated- fled back to Egypt - he and Cleo took their own lives as not to be captured by Doc Oc

38. Octavian Augustus ruled 27 BC-14 AD For 14 years Rome had no leader For 14 years Rome had no leader Eventually his 18 year old grand nephew/adopted son, Octavian regained dictatorship Eventually his 18 year old grand nephew/adopted son, Octavian regained dictatorship Gave up his power in the Senate Gave up his power in the Senate Called himself Princeps ( first citizen) Called himself Princeps ( first citizen) Called himself Augustus- “Honored/revered one” Called himself Augustus- “Honored/revered one”

39. Dictator for life

40. Republic ends- Empire Begins Brought on Pax Romana- Roman Peace Established: Established: Roads all over empire Roads all over empire Buildings Buildings Aqueducts (waterways) Aqueducts (waterways) One $ system One $ system Police and fire protection Police and fire protection Census ( people count) Census ( people count) Safe travel Safe travel Entertainment (Gladiators) Entertainment (Gladiators) Colosseum Colosseum Pantheon (temple) Pantheon (temple) Domes/Arches Domes/Arches (architecture) (architecture)

41. Pax Romana

43. Gladiators

44. Pompeii Mount Vesuvius blew it’s top in 79AD- perfectly preserving people and artifacts-in 13 feet of ash that hardened- so we know what life was like back then

45. Christianity  Jews believe in a Messiah ( a special leader sent by God in order to set up His rule on Earth) means anointed one  Messiah in Greek=Christos=Christ  Believe Jesus was Christos- people who followed his teachings became Christians

46. Jesus Christ continued  Jesus used parables (stories) to help people in:  1. seek right path in life  2. finding God’s love and greatness  3. loving others  All of these are described in the New Testament 12 original followers- apostles

47. Tie into Ancient Rome  Many powerful Romans feared that Jesus wanted to be king ( he didn’t) many were hostile towards Jews  A governor ordered him to be nailed to and hung by a cross until death- crucifixion

48. Hadrian’s Wall

49. Christianity begins  After Jesus’ death followers set up secret Christian Churches- and eventually converted powerful people from polytheism/emperor worship to Christianity and eventually it was “accepted” not feared  Peter and Paul set up church “structures”  Peter first bishop then Pope( leader) of Roman Catholic Church

50. The Split 284 AD – Diocletian (emperor) divided “Rome” into two to try and regain control- he ruled from the East ( Rome no longer ruling) 284 AD – Diocletian (emperor) divided “Rome” into two to try and regain control- he ruled from the East ( Rome no longer ruling)

51. The Reunion 306 AD Constantine reunited empire 306 AD Constantine reunited empire Ruled from East ( Byzantinium) (Constantinople) ( Istanbul) became capital of empire Ruled from East ( Byzantinium) (Constantinople) ( Istanbul) became capital of empire Surrounded on 3 sides by water Surrounded on 3 sides by water Easy to protect Easy to protect On a major trade route On a major trade route Far from Rome – INDEPENDENCE Far from Rome – INDEPENDENCE C granted freedom to Christians, built churches C granted freedom to Christians, built churches

52. Istanbul or Constantinople

53. Goths 200’s AD The Huns from Central Asia invaded all of Europe. One group they terrorized were the Goths ( Ostrogoths and Visigoths) ! Who fled into Roman Territory! 200’s AD The Huns from Central Asia invaded all of Europe. One group they terrorized were the Goths ( Ostrogoths and Visigoths) ! Who fled into Roman Territory! Rome did not want them there- Eastern Rome was successful but Western Rome was not so lucky! Rome did not want them there- Eastern Rome was successful but Western Rome was not so lucky! 410 Visos marched into Rome and destroyed the city. 410 Visos marched into Rome and destroyed the city.

54. Huns This led the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Franks to invade the west as well. This led the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Franks to invade the west as well. In the east Attila led the Huns In the east Attila led the Huns Military leaders took all power from emperors- and then had conflicts amongst themselves…. Military leaders took all power from emperors- and then had conflicts amongst themselves….

55. Romans, Huns, and Horses

56. Decline of Rome 100 AD -Pax Romana ends and armies from Northern Europe invade Rome was too big to control Couldn’t communicate quickly Couldn’t collect taxes Army became weak Raids destroyed cities and farmlands Put up walls to protect themselves ( isolated)

57. The Fall Rome “FELL” in 476 AD Rome “FELL” in 476 AD For the next 1,000 years Byzantine Empire ruled- had more Greek influences than Roman For the next 1,000 years Byzantine Empire ruled- had more Greek influences than Roman Established Eastern Orthodox Church- similar to Catholic but not as strict Christianity remains VERY important! Established Eastern Orthodox Church- similar to Catholic but not as strict Christianity remains VERY important!

58. Beginning of the end

59. Justinian Ruled from 527-565 AD he and his wife Theodora worked to reunite the Roman Empire Ruled from 527-565 AD he and his wife Theodora worked to reunite the Roman Empire 532 an uprising caused him to think about abandoning Constantine Theo encouraged him to stay and fight and WIN!!! 532 an uprising caused him to think about abandoning Constantine Theo encouraged him to stay and fight and WIN!!! after his death the decline of the empire began until finally in 1453 the Ottomans take over after his death the decline of the empire began until finally in 1453 the Ottomans take over

60. Justin saves the day

61. Rome’s Legacies  Government- Republic Republic 3 Branches 3 Branches Senate Senate Veto Veto  Language- Latin comes from Latium Plain Latin comes from Latium Plain Romance Languages

62. Legacies  Alphabet/Numbers Roman Numerals Roman Numerals  Religion Christianity Christianity  Catholic  Eastern Orthodox  Architecture  Buildings  Domes  Arches  Roads  Aqueducts  columns

63. Commonalities of Govt. Assemblies that debate USA 1 President Members of Congress elected 9 member Supreme Court Presidents-4 year term A. Rome 2 Equal Rulers 1 Assembly (aristocrats) 1 Judge-Senator Consul- 1 Year Term