1. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History

2. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History " India is the cradle of human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most astrictive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only! " Mark Twain We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. Albert Einstein

3. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History  India is home to one of the richest and most ancient civilization Existed over 5000 years ago Originated in Indus Valley Origin of many ideas, philosophies and movements people are thought to be Dravidians.  Historically, the subcontinent of India includes Pakistan and Bangladesh. Introduction

4. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)Original Indians (1700BC – 3300BC) Indus Valley Civilization: Mohenja-daro and Harappa People 2)Aryans (2500BC – 322BC) India’s Root Culture 3)The Mauryan Empire (322BC – 188BC) Spread of Buddhism 4)Gupta Period (320AD – 480AD) Golden Age of India 5)Muslim Period (1175AD – 1800AD) Turks and Mughals 6)European Rule (1800AD – 1947AD) Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English 7)Independence and Democratic India Rulers

5. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History a) Indus Valley The harappan culture existed along the Indus River in what is Present day Pakistan. b) It was named after the city of Harappa. Harappa and the city of mohenja-daro were important centers of the Indus Valley civilization. c) This indus valley Civilization flourished around 3300 bc – 1300 bc d) Natural Resources The indus valley contained numerous natural resources that were important of harappan civilization. e) Resources Included: Fresh water and timber. f) Materials such as gold, silver, semi precious stones and marine resources. g) Farmers grew wheat, barley, and peas; cattle, goats, and sheep. Lived in towns and traded with other cultures (modern-day Iraq). h) Highly developed engineering (ex: drainage systems). i) Began to decline around 1700 BCE. j) In 1920s, archaeologists uncovered ruins of two main cities (Mohenjo- Daro & Harapppa) Indus Valley Civilization: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa People

6. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient world" Examples of the as yet undecipherable Indus Valley writing system

7. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)Group of nomadic tribes who had originally inhabited Central Asia (There is a dispute on this),Tall, fair haired, with clear cut features, they settled in Punjab, in the Indus Valley River region. 2)Fought with the original people of Indus Valley Civilization, who were dark skin and known as Dasyus or Dravidians.The superiority of the Aryans resulted in the Dravidian submission and retirement to the south. 3)The Aryan society was very well organized, ruled by a monarch. Practiced 4 vedas. Caste system was introduced and practiced, based on one’s profession : 1)Brahmins: Priests, teachers, intellectuals 2)Kshatriyas: Warriors, soldiers 3)Vaisya: Traders, merchants, peasants 4)Sudras: People in service of others Cultural Impact of Aryans : 1)The culture of the Aryan period exist today and has been an integral part of Hindus all over the world. 2)All Hindus accept Vedas as their most sacred scripture. 3)Hindu religion originated with Aryans 4)With the invasion of Persian kings Cyrus and Darius in the 500 BC, there were significant changes and commingling of Aryan and Persian culture. Aryans (2500BC – 322BC)

8. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)Dynasty begun by Chandragupta Maurya. Asoka (grandson) took over from 273-232 BCE. Ruled all of India The Mauryans were better rulers and culturally rich. 2)They had a highly centralized and hierarchical government, well developed trade and commerce, welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets, and temples. Religious tolerance, generosity, and wisdom. 3)The most significant ruler of this period was Emperor Ashoka who converted to Buddhism and introduced Buddhism outside India. 4)After the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire disintegrated rapidly and all of South Asia fragmented into regional powers Cultural Impact of Mauryans 1)Origin of non-violence in India - War in Kalinga 2)Ashoka promoted non-violence, along with Buddhism. 3)Spread of Buddhism to neighboring countries of China, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, etc. 4)Education and Intellectual movement - The World's first university was established in India. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. Mauryan Empire (322BC -188BC)

9. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History The Great Stupa at Sanchi is perhaps the finest surviving relic of the Mauryan Empire and is a renowned Buddhist monument. The Ashoka pillar is extremely important because on top of the pillar there used to be a statue of four lions holding up a wheel, which is national sign of India now. The wheel stands for 'Dharma'. The pillar is broken now and the 'Lion capital of Ashoka' is in display at Sarnath museum, cardinal directions.

10. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)After the decline of Mauryans, Gupta rulers rose to power. 2)The Gupta period in Indian history is known as the Golden Age of India. 3)Era of the most advanced civilization, flush with wealth, higher education, trade with foreign countries, and an overall happy life. Religious tolerance and freedom of worship. 4)Period of Hindu renaissance. 5)Impact of the Gupta Period 6)Emperor Ashoka promoted Buddhism, but Gupta rulers showed a preference for Hindu religion. 7)Music, architecture, sculptures and painting were at its best. 8)Various copper statues images of Buddha reflect the craftsmanship of the Gupta period. 9)After the death of the last Gupta ruler in 570 AD, the Gupta empire declined and broke off. Gupta Dynasty (320 AD – 480 AD)

11. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow. Gupta Dynasty had some of India’s best and the most magnificent works of art. The Sarnath Buddha

12. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)Turks from Central Asia invaded India and ruled from 1175 to 1340 AD. Attracted by India’s wealth, looted and destroyed temples. 2)More interested in wealth rather than politics and were soon replaced by the Mughals. 3)The Turks’ dominance ended in 1526 with the invasion of Mughals from central Asia. Muslim period : 4)Muslim period nomadic people of central Asia. 5)The first invader was Babur Akbar, related to Genghis khan. 6)He defeated Rajputs and Afghans and ruled in India Babur’s successors: Akbar and Shahjahan are the most prominent in Indian history. 7)Akbar is known to be the first Muslim empire to unite the Muslims and the Hindus and marrying a Hindu woman. 8)Shahjahan is known in history for building the world famous monument Tajmahal. 9)Declining of the Mughal : 10)Aurangazeb’s reign begins the decline of Mughal India he was an orthodox Muslim who reinstituted the Jizyahand attempted to conquer the Deccan. Muslim Period–Turks and Mughals (1175-1800 AD)

13. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Taj mahal built by Shahjahan. One of the seven wonders of the world Aurangzeb reading the Quran.

14. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Discovery of India 1)The invasion of Alexander had boosted trade contacts outside India 2)Italians and Portuguese made several attempts to find an easy route to India that will avoid the hostile route through northern part of India. 3)Columbus, in his quest to find India ended up in North America and erroneously thought he had reached India, calling the native of the new land as Indians. 4)On April, 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the western coast of India and the quest for Europeans to reach India was fulfilled. 5)Subsequent to Vasco Da Gama’s arrival in India, the Portuguese fought and established their dominance and appointed Portuguese Governor in India. 6)After a century, due to the incompetent administration, the Portuguese power began to decline. The Dutch Rule 1)After the Portuguese, the Dutch rose to power and established the Dutch East India Company 2)Only after a short rule, the Dutch East India Company declined under the pressure from the English. 3)The British navy was much superior to the Dutch and the English controlled the Dutch possessions in India. European Rule (1800 – 1947)

15. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History The British Rule 1)Lured by the Portuguese’s success in India, the English too wished to have their share of wealth and profits. 2)Despite the looting and plundering by Muslims and east Europeans, India was still one of the most rich countries in the world. 3)In 1600 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to a company of merchants to trade freely with India. 4)British East India Company flourished and controlled the whole country. India was ruled by British from 1858 to 1947. Lord Mount Batten was the last governor general to rule over India. The independence movement by Indians ended the British rule on August 15, 1947. Impact of British Rule: 1)The British influence inspired western education and thoughts. 2)Created a new educated class. 3)Created a common language – English. 4)Inspired freedom and exchange of ideas. 5)Built a railway system The largest single employer in the world today, employing over a million people. 6)Created the largest English speaking nation in the world. European Rule - British

16. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Portuguese Explorer – Vasco da Gama Lord Mount Batten was the last governor general to rule over India.

17. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1)Although unintended, the British rule helped Indians become organized and united for freedom. 2)Gandhi’s non-violence movement for freedom appealed to the civilized world and helped achieve India’s freedom. 3)Independence of India 4)The main historical figures of the Indian independence movement include Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mohammad Ali Jinnah. 5)India and Pakistan become free and independent countries on August 15, 1947 6)Nehru became the first prime minister of newly formed democratic country of India 7)At independence, the British partitioned India into India and Pakistan Two parts of India were divided, Bengal and Punjab. 8)The eastern part of Bengal became East Pakistan and western part of Punjab formed the West Pakistan. 9)Mohandas Gandhi believed that Hindus and Muslims could and should live in amity and opposed the partition Independence and Modern India

18. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947 Jinnah with Gandhiji, 1944

19. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History 1) When did India gain her independence? 2) Who ruled India before 1947? 3) Who was the last king of India before Independence? 4) Which monument of India is a part of one of the 7 wonders of the world? 5) Who was India’s first President? 6) What is your family History ? 7) Which is your favourite historical monument? Conversation

20. © 2015 albert-learning.com Indian History Reviewed By Reviewed On Comments / Changes Made Anisha21.09.2015N.A.