1. The Cold War VA/US History Lacks

4. Cold War Beginnings following WWII, US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and rivals Potsdam Conference (1945) - July 1945 –Truman, Stalin, Clement Atlee (Great Britain) –Truman pushed Stalin to allow free elections in occupied Poland but he refused –Truman believed in self-determination through free elections –agreement that each of the Allies could collect war reparations from section of Germany they occupied

5. Potsdam (Atlee, Truman, Stalin)

6. Cold War Beginnings Soviets wanted friendly (Communist) neighbors to protect it from future attacks so Stalin set up communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland satellite nations - dependent upon and dominated by Soviets Containment Policy –policy to block Soviet attempts to spread influence by creating alliances and supporting weaker countries –contain communism where it is and keep it from spreading The Iron Curtain - Winston Churchill

7. UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945

9. US vs. USSR US wants to: –encourage democracy in other countries –gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industry –rebuild European governments to ensure stability and ensure new markets –reunite Germany

10. US vs. USSR USSR wants to: –encourage communism in other countries –transfer industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to Soviets to help rebuild economy –control Eastern Europe as a balance to US influence –keep Germany divided and weak

11. US vs. USSR Truman Doctrine –US should support free peoples resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures” (communism) –1st aided Greece and Turkey with $400 million under this plan

12. BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE

13. US vs. USSR Marshall Plan (1947) –Western Europe’s economy was hurt by the war –winter of 1946-47 was very bad - crop damage and fuel shortage –Gen. George Marshall (US Sec. Of State) proposed aiding European countries in need –nations had to remove trade barriers and cooperate economically with each other –plan was approved in 1948 after Soviet troops took over Czechoslovakia - was a success

14. U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE C. MARSHALL AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY, JUNE 5 TH 1947, THE DAY HE DELIVERED HIS HISTORIC SPEECH ANNOUNCING THE MARSHALL PLAN FOR THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF EUROPE

15. WITH HELP FROM THE MARSHALL PLAN WESTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES REVIVE

16. GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN

17. 1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO GERMAN NATIONS COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY WAS RULED BY THE USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS INDEPENDENT.

18. On June 23, 1948 the USSR imposed a complete blockade on railway, road and canal traffic leading to West Berlin from the allied German zone. No supplies of any type, including food, fuel and consumer goods, were allowed to enter West Berlin. Stalin wanted to starve the city into submission. This was done for two main reasons: Stalin's desire to control all of Berlin The allies London program of 1948 that called for a separate West Germany and currency reform

19. OPERATION VITTLES NAME GIVEN TO THE AIRLIFT PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED THAT WE WERE GOING TO HOLD ON TO WEST BERLIN AND HE CHOOSE AN AIRLIFT FROM THE OPTIONS PRESENTED HIM. THE AIRLIFT WOULD BE USED FOR KEEPING THE CITY SUPPLIED WITH FOOD, FUEL AND CONSUMER GOODS.

20. US vs. USSR Berlin Airlift (1948) –3 zones of West Germany were reunited –Soviet reaction was holding West Berlin hostage –city faced starvation because no supplies could get in –US and Britain begin to airlift food and supplies in –May 1949 - Soviets lifted the blockade –West Germany approved a constitution

21. BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949

22. EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS FLOWN IN BY FLEETS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CARGO PLANES LOADING BAGS OF COAL MAKING SMALL PARACHUTES TO DROP CANDY TO BERLIN CHILDREN

23. PRESIDENT TRUMAN MADE IT CLEAR THAT IF ONE CARGO PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN IT WOULD MEAN WAR BETWEEN THE US AND USSR CRASHED CARGO PLANE DUE TO AN ACCIDENT

24. IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE

26. EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT

27. US vs. USSR North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) –defensive military alliance between 10 western European nations, Canada, and US –an attack on any member is considered an attack on all

28. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949 and was ratified by the United States that August. NATO Today

29. FIRST MEMBERS OF NATO BELGIUM, CANADA, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND, ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PORTUGAL, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES. LATER JOINED BY GREECE, SPAIN, TURKEY AND WEST GERMANY.

31. The Spread of Communism

32. China Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai-shek –May 1949 - China’s civil war ends with Communist government under Mao Zedong victorious –US supported nationalist government under Chiang which was corrupt and abusive –lost popular support

33. OCTOBER 1 ST 1949 THE COMMUNISTS WON THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR AND THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS ESTABLISHED WITH THE USSR AS ITS MAIN ALLY. IN THE US “LOSING CHINA” BECOMES A POLITICAL ISSUE. MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST LEADER OF CHINA

34. TAIWAN CHIANG KAI SHEK LEADER OF NATIONALIST CHINA WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN TO ESCAPE THE COMMUNISTS

35. IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT COMMUNIST POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET PACT. THIS CREATED A BILATERAL DEFENSE COMMITMENT AND SETTLED BOUNDARY ISSUES. THE USSR ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE LIMITED AID TO CHINA.

36. IN 1949 THE USSR EXPLODED AN ATOMIC BOMB AND BECAME THE SECOND NUCLEAR POWER

37. President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful then the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN 1953.

38. Cold War Timeline 1945 –August 26: US announces intentions to occupy Japanese-held Korea south of the 38 th parallel; USSR to occupy the north –September 2: In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh’s troops seize power in Hanoi and proclaim Vietnam independent from France –September 22: French forces return to Vietnam –November 5: Stalin moves to secure communism in Hungary despite recent elections –November 29: Yugoslavia becomes a Federated Republic under Marshal Tito

39. Cold War Timeline 1946: –February 26: Sec. of State James Byrnes announces his new US policy of “Get Rough with Russia” –March 5: Winston Churchill makes Iron Curtain Speech at Westminster College in Missouri (says an “iron curtain” has come down across Europe) –June 30: National referendum approves communist reforms –December 20: French forces clash with Vietnamese forces (start of 8 year war in Indochina)

40. Cold War Timeline 1947 –March 12: Truman Doctrine announced –May 31: Hungary taken over by communists –June 5: Marshall Plan announced –July: Containment Policy spread –July 26: Dept of Defense, the Dept of the Navy, the National Security Council (NSC), the CIA, and the positions of Joint Chiefs of Staff (military persons who advise the POTUS) created –October 29: Israel becomes a country –December 30: Romania falls to communism

41. Cold War Timeline 1948 –Feb 25: Czechoslovakia falls to communism –April 1: Berlin blockade by Soviets –July 26: Truman desegregates the military –August 15: Republic of South Korea founded –September 9: Korean People’s Democratic Republic founded

42. Post War America impact of the G.I. Bill –paid for part of education –guaranteed unemployment benefits while looking for job for a year –offered low interest federal loans Suburbs –severe housing shortage –William Levitt & Henry Kaiser mass produced homes, inexpensive, outside of cities creation of the suburbs 1st was on Long Island - Levittown all houses were exactly the same

44. Post War America Truman & Civil Rights –Truman supports civil rights –he meets with leading African Americans to find out their goals –federal anti-lynching law –abolition of poll tax –establishment of permanent body to prevent racial discrimination in hiring

45. Post War America Truman and civil rights cont… –Congress would not pass any of these measures –Truman appointed biracial Committee on Civil Rights (1946)

46. Post War America Truman and civil rights cont… –July 1948 - Truman issued an executive order to integrate the armed forces –he also ordered an end to discrimination in hiring for gov employment –the Supreme Court also ruled that courts could not bar Af. Americans from residential neighborhoods

48. Election of 1948 Democrats nominate Truman - wants to include Civil Rights in platform Dixiecrats - southern delegates to national democratic convention - oppose civil rights –walk out of convention and form the States’ Rights Democratic Party and nominate Gov. Strom Thurmond Progressives - more liberal democrats –led by former Vice President Henry Wallace Republicans - nominate NY Governor Thomas Dewey

49. Election of 1948 Truman was effective campaigner surprising upset - headlines wrongly state “Dewey defeats Truman” Democrats also took control of Congress but lost control of the South

50. HARRY TRUMAN HE WAS THE SURPRISE WINNER IN THE 1948 ELECTION AND SERVED AS PRESIDENT TO 1953. HE DECLINED TO RUN AS THE DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE IN 1952 EVEN THOUGH HE WAS CONSTITUTIONALLY ALLOWED.

51. The Fair Deal ambitious economic program that was an extension of the New Deal proposals for nationwide system of compulsory health insurance, and crop-subsidy system (steady income to farmers) both defeated in Congress did raise hourly minimum wage, extend social security, initiated flood control and irrigation projects, financial support to cities for clearing slums and building low- income housing (810,000 units)

52. THE SECOND RED SCARE: 1947-1954 PRESIDENT TRUMAN'S ATTORNEY GENERAL, HOWARD MCGRATH, SET THE TONE WHEN HE ANNOUNCED: “THERE ARE TODAY MANY COMMUNISTS IN AMERICA. THEY ARE EVERYWHERE - IN FACTORIES, OFFICES, BUTCHER SHOPS, ON STREET CORNERS, IN PRIVATE BUSINESSES - AND EACH CARRIES IN HIMSELF THE GERMS OF DEATH FOR SOCIETY.” McGrath and Truman NO ONE REALLY KNEW HOW MANY AMERICAN COMMUNISTS THERE WERE. IT WAS KNOWN THAT 100,000 HAD VOTED FOR THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE ELECTION OF 1932.

53. Paranoia Truman was accused of being soft on communism so he reacts sets up Federal Employee Loyalty and Security Program - March 1947 investigated government employees for disloyalty drew up list of 91 “subversive” organizations - members considered suspicious 3.2 million employees investigated - 212 dismissed, 2900 resigned

54. Paranoia House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) –investigated possible communist influence in and out of government –investigation of movie industry; 43 subpoenaed in Hollywood –Hollywood Ten - refused to testify and were sent to prison - they thought proceedings were unconstitutional –blacklist - list of people thought to have communist backgrounds - careers were ruined because they couldn’t get work

55. The “Hollywood 10” and their supporters Jack Warner’s (Warner Brothers studios) testimony at a HUAC hearing

56. Paranoia McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950) –made it unlawful to plan any action that may lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the US

57. Spy Cases Alger Hiss - former State Dept. official –former spy accuses Hiss of spying for Soviets –Hiss convicted of perjury and sent to jail –Nixon gained national attention for pursuing charges against Hiss –1990's proof he probably was a spy

58. Spy Cases Rosenbergs –Klaus Fuchs - British physicist - admitted giving Soviets info about A-bomb and implicated the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the process –Soviets were able to build the bomb years before expected –Rosenbergs were 1st Americans executed for espionage –1953 - electric chair –later evidence proves their guilt

59. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Alger Hiss

60. Notice the caption below the picture which ties the case to the anti- immigrant sentiment and red scare of the 1920s.

61. McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy, Wisconsin, was very anti-communist made unsupported accusations accusations against the Army in 1954 led to televised hearings/investigation McCarthy bullied witnesses and slandered people lost public support; seen as fanatic

62. Left: McCarthy Hearings Below: Senator Joseph McCarthy Right: Nixon and other members of HUAC

63. “Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness… So, Senator, I asked him to go back to Boston. Little did I dream you could be so reckless and so cruel as to do an injury to that lad. It is true he is still with Hale & Dorr. It is true that he will continue to be with Hale & Dorr. It is, I regret to say, equally true that I fear he shall always bear a scar, needlessly inflicted by you. If it were in my power to forgive you for your reckless cruelty, I would do so. I like to think I'm a gentle man, but your forgiveness will have to come from someone other than me.” Army Lawyer Joseph Welch confronts McCarthy on live TV

64. The 1950s

65. Brinkmanship John Foster Dulles - Eisenhower’s Sec. Of State –proposed policy based on threats of massive retaliation –keep peace by threatening to use all of force (Brinkmanship – get to the verge of war without going to war) US increased production of nukes arms race begins (again, race for the H-Bomb) fear of nuclear war a constant in American life

66. CANDIDATES IN THE 1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

67. Large crowd waiting to greet Eisenhower Eisenhower’s platform was known as “KCC”: Korea first, Communism and Corruption

68. EISENHOWER AND VICE PRESIDENT NIXON ON ELECTION NIGHT NOVEMBER 1952

69. ELECTION OF 1952: EISENHOWER WON BY A LANDSLIDE

70. EISENHOWER GIVING HIS INAUGURATION SPEECH IN 1953

71. The Korean War

72. KOREAN WAR: JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953 The UN sent troops to fight the North Korean forces but the bulk of the soldiers came from the U.S.

73. ON AUGUST 15 TH 1948 THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH KOREA WITH ITS CAPITAL IN SEOUL IS FOUNDED ONE MONTH LATER THE COMMUNIST KOREAN PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IS FOUNDED WITH ITS CAPITOL IN PYONGYANG NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA

74. Korea Korea was divided along the 38th parallel at the end of WWII Communist north vs. capitalist south

75. Korea June 25, 1950 - Communist North Korea attacked UN sponsored South Korea UN Security Council, urged by America, calls on member nations to help General Douglas MacArthur led the UN and S. Korean troops

76. Korean War (1950 - 1953) N. Korea makes serious advances until MacArthur’s counterattack; MacArthur given order to cross 38th parallel to reunite Korea; China sends in troops; S. Korean troops driven back fighting was fierce with little gains MacArthur argues for permission to invade China and drop nuclear bombs - Truman says no but MacArthur continues with plans and Truman fires him

77. FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952 WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA AND END THE WAR.

78. IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.

79. On July 27 th 1953, after three years of fighting, an armistice was signed ending the Korean war. Korea remained divided at the 38 th parallel.

80. Korean War (1950 – 1953) war ends in 3 years - a stalemate Armistice signed - July 27, 1953 Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel with a demilitarization zone along the border which is patrolled by UN soldiers (including Americans) 54,000 Americans dead; $20-22 billion increased fear of communist aggression

81. Cold War Spreads Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) –used more and more - spies gathered information abroad –covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow unfriendly gov Geneva Summit –Soviets recognize W. Germany and conclude peace treaties with Austria and Japan –1955 - W. Germany allowed to rearm and joined NATO –Soviets form Warsaw Pact with Eastern European satellite nations –Eisenhower meets with Soviet leaders in Geneva, Switzerland nothing specific accomplished

82. WARSAW PACT FORMED BY THE USSR TO COUNTER NATO IN EUROPE MAY 1, 1955 “TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE” BETWEEN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE RUMANIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, AND THE CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC.

83. WARSAW PACT MEMBERS

84. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR) WILL BURY YOU (US)”

85. In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying missiles with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction. FIRST US ATLAS ICBM USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM

86. Eisenhower Doctrine Jan 1957 - warning that US would defend the Middle East from Communist attack Why are we in the Middle East? Suez Canal Crisis

87. 1955 - Britain and US agree to help Egypt finance dam construction but withdraw when Egypt delays Egypt is angered and seizes French and Britain owned Suez Canal Israel is also mad because Egypt is making terrorists raids into their country Oct 1956 - Britain, France and Israel invade Egypt (a Soviet ally) Soviets threaten missile use on Britain and France US warns them not to UN calls cease fire canal is reopened in 1957 under Egyptian management

88. Israeli troops prepare for battle Israeli conquest of the Sinai Peninsula Below: The Suez Canal (separates mainland Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula; connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea

89. The Space Race Sputnik –Oct 4, 1957 - launching of Sputnik I - the 1st unmanned satellite –many left feeling vulnerable to nuclear attack –US made changes in education –emphasis on science, math and foreign languages –Jan 31, 1958 - 1st US satellite is launched

90. THE U.S. DID NOT GET AN OBJECT INTO ORBIT UNTIL JANUARY OF 1958, AFTER SEVERAL EMBARRASSING FAILURES. THE SPACE RACE WAS ON.

91. ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR BOMB TESTS WERE POISONING THE ATMOSPHERE WITH DEADLY RADIOACTIVITY THAT WAS SHOWING UP IN MILK AND OTHER FOODS. IN MARCH OF 1958 RUSSIA SUSPENDED ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOLLOWED BY THE U.S. AND BRITAIN IN OCTOBER.

92. U-2 Incident CIA was making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory for spying purposes Eisenhower wanted flights stopped but approved 1 more before summit with the Soviets U-2 plane was brought down by Soviets - May 1, 1960 Americans assumed the pilot was dead and lied - said plane was a weather research plane and pilot was a civilian pilot was captured and tried for espionage and sentenced to jail for 10 years –he was exchanged for a Soviet spy after serving 17 months Khrushchev was angered - he denounced the US at the East-West Summit and walked out

93. Top Left: U-2 Spy Plane Far Left: Francis Gary Powers (Pilot) Left: Wreckage Top Right: Powers’ trial

94. The election of 1956 featured a rematch between Eisenhower and Stevenson with similar results as in 1952

95. At home… Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954) –public schools desegregated –Ike does not support this because he does not feel that the federal gov should be involved in desegregation

96. At home… Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) –Ike sends in federal troops to uphold the law and allow black students into an all-white high school (Arkansas governor had called in Arkansas National Guard to block entry of African American students to Little Rock Central High School

97. Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school

98. At home… New Organizations –1950s - majority of people work in higher paying white collar jobs –clerical, managerial, or professional –many new types of businesses emerged Conglomerate - major corporation that includes number of smaller, unrelated companies which provides protection thru diversification Franchise - company that offers similar products/services in many locations and sells the rights to an entrepreneur to use the parent company’s name and system

99. At home… The Baby Boom (1946-1964) –(4.2 million in 1957 alone) –population explosion just following the war –contributing factors: returning soldiers decreasing marriage age desirability of large family confidence in continued economic prosperity advances in medicine –Dr. Jonas Salk - polio vaccine

100. At home… Fifties Women –role of homemaker and mother was glorified by media –some women were unhappy - felt isolated, bored, unfulfilled –Betty Friedan - The Feminine Mystique –number of women working outside home increased –limited job opportunities with less pay

102. 1950’s AMERICAN FAMILY

103. The American Dream Leisure Class –more leisure time than ever before due to labor-saving devices, vacation benefits, etc. –many participated or watched sports fishing, bowling, hunting, boating, golf, baseball, football, basketball –some became avid readers - book sales doubled –Brownie, Girl, and Cub Scout membership rose –Little League baseball gained popularity

104. The American Dream Automania –there was a cheap, plentiful supply of gas –easy credit terms, abundant advertising –people bought cars in record numbers –suburban life made cars a necessity Interstate Highway System –increase in autos = need for more roads Interstate Highway Act (1956) - Eisenhower - building of nation-wide highway network - 41,000 miles

105. The American Dream Automania cont… –high speed, long haul trucking possible - - decline in railroad use –highway unified the country –people more mobile - vacations (Disneyland opened 1955) –auto industry stimulated production and provided jobs (drive-in malls) –noise and exhaust pollution, accidents, traffic, road damage were some of the draw backs

106. The American Dream Consumerism - buying material goods –seen as a measure of success –new products available - polyester fabrics, plastics, electronics (wash machine, dryer, blender, freezer, dishwasher) –people invest in recreational equipment: TV, radio, tape recorder, record players, casual clothes, BBQ equipment, swimming pools –buy now, pay later (buying on credit was popular - 1st credit cards) –advertising age encouraged even more spending

109. Popular Culture Television –1948 - 1st widely available –by 1960 90% of American homes had TV –Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gov agency that regulates and licenses tv, radio, phone, telegraph, etc –early shows mostly comedies - “I Love Lucy” (1951) –on the screen reporting introduced as well as interviewing –westerns, sports events, and original dramas offered a variety

110. Popular Culture Television cont… –1956 - videotape technology introduced (everything prior was done live) –kids shows: Mickey Mouse Club, Howdy Doody Show –1952 - TV Guide introduced –1954 - TV dinners introduced –tv portrayed idealized white America - no poverty, diversity, conflicts –concerns over tv violence - especially in westerns –radio turned to local programming of news, weather, music, and community issues –number of movie goers dropped

111. 10” screen in 2002 would cost $3,758 12” screen in 2002 would cost $5,386 20” screen in 2002 would cost $19,336 1948 Television sizes and prices

112. 1959 COLOR TV WOULD COST $3291 IN 2002

113. Television transforms American life

114. Playhouse 90 Howdy Doody Sid Caesar American Bandstand 1950’s TV shows

115. Leave It to Beaver Father Knows Best The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet 1950’s TV shows presenting ideal American families

116. Popular Culture Beat Movement - beatniks –expressed social and literary nonconformity of artists and poets –San Francisco, Los Angeles, NY’s Greenwich Village –not materialistic –men - beards and sandals –women - black leotards, no lipstick –adopted the language of the jazz musicians: bread ($), pad (apt) –Zen Buddhism, music, sometimes drugs - search for higher consciousness –little structure in artistic works - free open form –poetry readings in coffee houses or bookstores Allen Ginsberg - Howl (poem) Jack Kerouac - On the Road –predecessor of the hippies

117. Allen GinsburgJack Kerouac

118. Popular Culture Rock ‘n’ Roll –Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5JALwwa ASg (Elvis)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5JALwwa ASg –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2ka bQo (Little Richard)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFq5O2ka bQo

119. Elvis eventually went on to sell 77 million albums in the 20 th century.

120. Chuck Berry Buddy Holly Little Richard

121. Fear of Juvenile Delinquency 1950’s movies which reinforced the idea there was an epidemic of juvenile violence